Provinces of basins and ranges – structural and tectonic parageneses of areal rifting

Research subject. Structural and tectonic provinces represented by multiple alternations of negative (depressions, grabens, graben-synclines) and complementary positive (uplifts, horsts, horst-anticlines) morphostructures, known as areas of diffuse (dispersed, areal) rifting. The following geological objects are analyzed: the Province of Basins and Ranges (North America), the Selengino-Vitim Zone (Western Transbaikalia), the Sunda Shelf of the South China Sea, the Gissar-Alai and Central Segments of the Tien Shan Alpine Orogen. Aim. To characterize the structure, formation mechanism, and geodynamics of “areal” rift systems, as well as to determine their place in the structure and evolution of the Earth’s crust. Methods. Comparative structural and tectonic analysis of geological objects using remote and experimental research data. Results. The main characteristic features of the structure and evolution of areal (diffuse) rift systems have been established. These include the multiple alternation of troughs (grabens) and uplifts separating them (ridges, mounds, shafts); the spread of the “depression/uplift” paragenesis in the form of wide areas confined to the marginal parts of young and ancient platforms or to intracontinental orogens; the absence of main rift valleys and faults; absence of through-core faults; connection with volumetric loosening and solid-plastic (rheid) flow of basement rock masses within dynamically weakened areas of the Earth’s crust and shear stress field with the regulating role of fractal organization of geological space. Conclusions. The provinces under consideration are paragenetic ensembles of 3D shear and can be morphostructurally defined as “basin and ridge provinces”. Tectonic ensembles of this type are a specific category that is neither structurally nor dynamically analogous to linear rift systems. Linear rift systems are derived from the mechanical splitting and spreading of continental crustal segments (a component of subglobal tectogenesis), while areal systems are the result of brittle–plastic (reid) flow of rock masses within dynamically unstable areas of platforms and orogens (a component of regional tectogenesis).

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