Salt weathering of cement material of the Hussein-Bek Mausoleum (Chishminsky district, Republic of Bashkortostan)
https://doi.org/10.24930/2500-302X-2026-26-1-229-240
EDN: JJMYWC
Abstract
Research subject. Products of salt weathering on limestone building blocks of the Hussein-Bek Mausoleum, located in the Chishminsky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
Materials and methods. The composition of salt weathering minerals was studied using X-ray phase, electron microscopic, energy-dispersive, and mass spectrometric analysis methods.
Results. In the efflorescences, the following main minerals were found: gypsum CaSO4 × 2H2O, hamberstonite K3Na7Mg2(SO4)6(NO3)2 × 6H2O, darapskite Na3(SO4)(NO3) × H2O, syngenite K2Ca(SO4)2 × H2O, epsomite MgSO4 × 7H2O, kieserite MgSO4 × H2O, glauberite Na2Ca(SO4)2, dolomite CaMg(CO3)2, and celestine SrSO4. The sulfur isotope composition (δ34S) of the efflorescence minerals ranged from +7.28 to +11.38 ‰ V-CDT. Samples with hamberstonite and darapskite were characterized by light isotope enrichment, which is apparently associated with the biotic impact of bird guano.
Conclusions. The main mechanism leading to destruction of the building stone of the HusseinBek Mausoleum was established to be salt weathering of the cement caused by the crystallization of authigenic minerals. The salt weathering of the Mausoleum is ornithogenic in nature, caused by the activity of birds, primarily field sparrows (Passer montanus).
Supporting agencies: The study was carried out within the framework of the topic “Natural systems under conditions of mining and industrial technogenesis and climatic fluctuations: mineralogical, geochemical and paleoecological studies” funded by the state assignment of the Institute of Mineralogy of the South Ural Federal Scientific Center of Mineralogy and Geoecology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (State registration No. 124021200055-0)
About the Authors
S. S. Potapov
South Urals Federal Research Center of Mineralogy and Geoecology, UB RAS, Institute of Mineralogy
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Sergey S. Potapov
Miass 456317
O. Ya. Chervyatsova
Shulgan-Tash State Natural Biosphere Reserve
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Olga Ya. Chervyatsova
14 Zapovednaya st., Irgyzly, Burzyan District, Bashkortostan Republic 453585
L. Y. Kuzmina
Ufa Federal Research Center of RAS, Ufa Institute of Biology
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Lyudmila Y. Kuzmina
69 Oktyabr av., Ufa 450054
S. A. Sadykov
South Urals Federal Research Center of Mineralogy and Geoecology, UB RAS, Institute of Mineralogy
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Sergey A. Sadykov
Miass 456317
References
1. Agroclimatic resources of the Bashkir ASSR (1976) Leningrad, Gidrometioizdat Publ., 235 p.
2. Alves C., Figueiredo C.A.M., Sanjurjo-Sánchez J., Hernández A.C. (2021) Salt Weathering of Natural Stone: A Review of Comparative Laboratory Studies. Heritage, 4(3), 1554-1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4030086
3. Benavente D., De Jongh M., Cañaveras J.C. (2021) Weathering Processes and Mechanisms Caused by Capillary Waters and Pigeon Droppings on Porous Limestones. Minerals, 11(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11010018
4. Claypool G.E., Holser W.T., Kaplan I.R., Sakai H., Sak I. (1980) The age curves of sulfur and oxygen isotopes in marine sulfate and their mutual interpretation. Chem. Geol., 28, 199-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(80)90047-9
5. Doehne E. (2002) Salt weathering: a selective review. London Geol. Soc., spec. publ., 205(1), 51-64.
6. Garustovich G.N., Nechvaloda A.I. (2020) Medieval stone mausoleums of Bashkortostan (history, archeology, bioanthropology). Ufa, Kitap Publ., 400 p.
7. Giesemann A., Jager H.J., Norman A.L., Krouse H.P., Brand W.A. (1994) Online sulfur-isotope determination using an elemental analyzer coupled to a mass-spectrometer. Analyt. Chem., 66(18), 2816-2819. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00090a005
8. Goudie A.S., Viles H.A. (1997) Salt Weathering. Chichester, UK, Wiley, 241 p.
9. Grassineau N.V., Mattey D., Lowry D. (2001) Sulfur isotope analysis of sulfide and sulfate minerals by continuous flow-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Analyt. Chem., 73(2), 220-225. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac000550f
10. Hermes A.L., Dawson T.E., Hinckley E.L.S. (2022) Sulfur isotopes reveal agricultural changes to the modern sulfur cycle. Environ. Res. Lett., 17(5), 054032. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac6683
11. Huang C.P., Lavenburg G. (2011) Impacts of bird droppings and deicing salts on highway structures: monitoring, diagnosis, prevention. Delaware Center for Transportation; University of Delaware DCT. Report 221, 22 p.
12. Illustrated Glossary on Stone Deterioration Patterns (2008). Monuments and Sites XV. (Ed. by V. Vergès-Belmin). Paris, ICOMOS, 86 p.
13. Knyazev Yu.G., Knyazeva O.Yu., Snachev V.I., Zhdanov A.V. (2013) State geological map of the Russian Federation. Scale 1:1.000.000 (third generation). Ural Series. Sheet N-40 – Ufa. Explanatory note. Saint Petersburg, VSEGEI Publ., 512.
14. Kurtz A.C., Kump L.R., Arthur M.A., Zachos J.C., Paytan A. (2003) Early Cenozoic decoupling of the global carbon and sulfur cycles. Paleoceanography, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.1029/2003PA000908
15. Lindström N., Heitmann N., Linnow K., Steiger M. (2015) Crystallization behavior of NaNO3 – Na2SO4 salt mixtures in sandstone and comparison to single salt behavior. App. Geochem., 63, 116-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.07.007
16. Mayer B. (1998) Potential and limitations of using sulphur isotope abundance ratios as an indicator for natural and anthropogenic induced environmental change. Isotope techniques in the study of environmental change. Proceedings of 830 International conference IAEA, 423-435.
17. Novoselov A., Konstantinov A., Konstantinova E., Simakova Y., Lim A., Kurasova A., Loiko S., Pokrovsky O.S. (2023) Semiarid lakes of southwestern Siberia as sentinels of on-going climate change: hydrochemistry, the carbon cycle, and modern carbonate mineral formation. Atmosphere, 14(11), 1624. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14111624
18. Potapov S.S., Chervyatsova O.Ya., Parshina N.V. (2019) Mineral neoformations during destruction of buildings and structures in the humid marine subtropical climate of the Republic of Abkhazia. Mineralogiya tekhnogeneza, (20), 51-61. (In Russ.)
19. Potapov S.S., Ershov V.V. (1993) Secondary mineral formation in wall coverings. Ural. miner. sb. no. 1. Ekaterinburg, Nauka Publ., 120-123.
20. Richards M.P., Fuller B.T., Sponheimer M., Robinson T., Ayliffe L. (2003) Sulphur isotopes in palaeodietary studies: a review and results from a controlled feeding experiment. Int. J. Osteoarchaeol., 13(1‐2), 37-45.
21. Spennemann D.H.R., Watson M.J. (2017) Dietary habits of urban pigeons (Columba livia) and implications of excreta pH – a review. Europ. J. Ecol., 3(1), 27-41. https://doi.org/10.1515/eje-2017-0004
Review
For citations:
Potapov S.S., Chervyatsova O.Ya., Kuzmina L.Y., Sadykov S.A. Salt weathering of cement material of the Hussein-Bek Mausoleum (Chishminsky district, Republic of Bashkortostan). LITHOSPHERE (Russia). 2026;26(1):229-240. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24930/2500-302X-2026-26-1-229-240. EDN: JJMYWC
Views:
411
JATS XML
Email this article 