The method of increasing the correlation potential of zonal biochronological scales by creating the polytaxonomic complex characteristic of zone subdivisions is proposed. For this operation is necessary the normative zonal scale, by which biozones of the species of different groups of the organisms are determined. Established thus specific biozones make it possible to create the complex characteristic of zones of the normative scale and to build the autonomous zonal scales on the selected groups of organisms. The zonal subdivisions of these scales prove to be in this case comparable between themselves and with the zones of the normative scale, which makes it possible to carry out the unification of the stratigraphic scales, built according to the different groups of organisms.

The composition of mineral associations was studied in the main varieties of the rocks within the metamorphosed Kandalaksha gabbro-anorthosite massif in the southern part of the Kola Peninsula. In terms of composition, clinopyroxene corresponds to diopside, less often to fassaite, and orthopyroxene to bronzite and hypersthene. Garnet developed in the form of reaction rims at the pyroxene-plagioclase boundary belongs to pyralspite group Alm-Prp-Grs composition. Plagioclase corresponds to andesine and labradore. Relict clinopyroxene grains, according to microprobe profiling, are characterized by homogeneous composition. For garnet from reaction rims developed between clinopyroxene and plagioclase, increasing CaO contents and lower MgO contents were identified when approaching the border of plagioclase. Large relict grains of plagioclase among the granular matrix are characterized by weak deanortization of the marginal parts. Calculations for garnet-clinopyroxene thermometers and barometers for most of the samples showed temperatures values of mineral equilibria at a level 830-910°C and a pressure of about 10 kbar, which correspond to the isobaric conditions of the granulite facies metamorphism developed nearly 1.9 Ga during the collision process of the Kandalaksha-Kolvitsa granulite zone.

The South-Ural accretion-collision fold belt began to form at the final stage of the island-arc development of the Urals. This process correlates in time with the Famennian and Early Tournasian. During the Carboniferous, the subsequent inversion from the island-arc tectono-geodynamic regime to the accretion-collision and transformed shear-riftogenous ones resulted in a considerable increase in diversified magmatic products. We can observe an intricate spatial and temporal combination of magmatic complexes differing in primary sources and genesis of mantle, mantle-crust and essentially crust anatectic magmatic complexes. The existence of the intraplate-type mantle series is associated with the destruction of the subducting oceanic plate and the rise of hot astenospheric diaper plumes up to the basement of the newly-formed lithosphere. The intrusive gabbro-granite magmatism of that time corresponds to the highest chlorine content and the formation of large-scale magnetite skarn mineralization. Along with the intraplate-type magmatic associations and rock series with intermediate features, this geodynamic setting is also characterized by a considerable amount of mantle-crust granitoids of the gabbro-tonalite-granodiorite-granite (GTGG) type formed with multiple manifestations of supra-subduction and crust (lowermost) anatectic processes. For these stages in the formation of the Hercynian South-Ural orogen, we have established a number of tectono-magmatic stages characterizing the magmatism of such tectonic events that accompanied the attachment of the Magnitogorsk Palaeo Arc and the eastward heterogeneous accretion assemblage to the margin of the East European Plate. Another goal of this paper is to typify the Permian granitoid magmatism, where mantle-crust gabbro-montzodiorite-granite latitic (282-274 Ma) and crust-palingenous granitic (290-276 Ma) and leucogranites (275-260 Ma) series were synchronously formed.

The geochemistry and REE of magnesite and host carbonate rocks of two Lower Riphean deposits of the South Urals province (Satka and Ismakaevo ore fields) confirm the metasomatic nature of the magnesite. The magnesites of both deposits are enriched in heavy lanthanides, in contrast to the host carbonate rocks. Ore dolomites have positive Eu anomaly, which is higher in Ismakaevo ore field. According to the Sr-Nd isotope data, formation of these magnesite types in the South Urals province has been related to different stages of regional tectonic activation and thermal fluid migration: the beginning of the Middle Riphean (Mashak rifting event) for Satka and the middle-end of the Middle Riphean for Ismakaevo. The Sr and Nd isotopes indicate on prevailing crustal fluid source. However, the fluid into Satka ore field contained additional admixture of mantle component. It is confirmed by the high average value of εNd (-5.0) in the magnesite in comparison to the εNd of host carbonate rocks (-7.0). In contrast, crustal fluid dominated in Ismakaevo ore field, where εNd in magnesite ranges from -11.3 to -9.0, and it lower than in limestone (in average -6.4). Moreover, the Ismakaevo metasomatic dolomites and magnesites are enriched in radiogenic⁸⁷Sr and Fe in compared to the Satka magnesite. These features indicate more intensive interaction of ore-bearing fluids with the host alumosilicate rocks. The reason of difference was the geological position of objects in regard to location to Mashak rift. The Satka ore field was located within the area of development of Mashak rift magmatic rocks at the same stage. Ismakaevo magnesite was formed to the west of Mashak rift zone at later tectonic stage.

The paper presents geochemical and isotopic characteristics of gneyss-granite of the Chechek dome structure that located in Irtysh Shear Zone. It shows that all “granitoid” of Chechek structure have a similar composition. Reconstruction of primary substrate is based on this data. It was found that gneyss-granite protolith is silty-sandy sediments Kalba-Narym basin from D₂ to C₁. Nd model age of the protolith responds meso- and neoproterozoic (1.0-1.1 GA), which is consistent with the model ages of high metamorphic and sedimentary rocks that are located in the Irtysh Shear Zone.

A new 2D-model of geological structure in the vicinity of Europrobe seismic reflection profiling in the Urals (ESRU) was built to the depth of 15 km. For the first time as a result of analysis of anomalous fields behavior on the parallel profiles in 2D-modeling of density and magnetic properties of the region the applicability of the method was estimated. It was modeled deep seating magnetic body situated under the gravity active layer. Probably this body discontinuing here and there is a continuation of the body revealed in the west part of the Urals Reflection Seismic profile (Urseis). Versions of interpretation of the body were discussed: 1. Block of Precambrian metamorphous rocks with ferruginous quartzite; 2. Block of ocean type rock or mantle diapir (plum). The former is more possible. At the West the upper (up to 3.15-4.8 км depth) part of the section is represented by early Permian terrigenous sediments. Below in the model is a formation (thickness from 0.7 km at the West, up to 1.7 km at the East) of light clastic rocks, below of which situated more dens limestones of middle Paleozoic with thickness from 0.7 km to 1.5 km at the East. The deepest layer of sediment section is constructed from mainly terrigenous thickness of 1.1-1.3 km. The bottom part of the model represents structures of Russian platform basement that moving further to the East submerge under the Ural structures. At 107-125 km along profile the basement intrusion of gabbro-diorite has emerged. From 126 to 142 km along profile one can see a block of terrigenous rocks that probably is a graben of Russian platform. A comparison has been made for blocks of the basement and known ancient metamorphous complexes of the west slope of the Urals (Taratash, etc.). From 169 km along profile one can note falling to the East and broadening with depth highly magnetized body, which probably is serpentinized ultramafic rocks. To this part of the profile Sarany ultramafic intrusion is projected. Ultrabasite zircon age is 1756 ± 12 Ma. Two superimposed stages of zircon formation 464 ± 5 and 439 ± 3 Ma is possibly to be interpreted as age of tectonic ultramafite re-processing. Thus Sarany intrusion probably is the uppest part of the big block situated in 30 km to the West and structurally below Main Ural Deep Fault

Definition and description of a block folding model of rheological and tectonically stratified Earth crust deformation on the sections of horizontal uniaxial compression have been done. The main differences of block folding are listed, the major of which is a dividing of a crust by overlap oncoming falls to the blocks of the positive and negative curves, while retaining its quasi-plate state. In a negative block bending thickening occurs through the top of the crust, and in a positive block bending, on a contrary, due to the lower part of a crust. In a process of deformation stress transfer retains an ability to bark at a distance. Experimental researches of block folding with a use of sandy and clay-sand models have identified a number of characteristics of volumetric deformation of blocks. It’s turned out that both types of blocks in the long axis of ellipses on the lateral surface of the models form an opened up fan. This can be explained by material squeezing up out of folds’ cores, which creates a complex combination of deformation of pure and simple shifts, used in a gradient field of voltages. The brittle deformations in a zone of compression of a negative block bending prepare a wide space conjugated with the large faults. Subsequently, the faults are capable of playing the role of fluid channels and a free space is favorable for ore location. We can give an example of the Safjanovskoe ore deposit at the Middle Urals that is considered to be massive sulphide ore.

Put in order the results of measurements of a number of magnetic parameters on samples of titanomagnetite ores Gusevogorskoye deposit by standard methods: magnetoacoustic emission, the Curie temperature, residual and induced magnetization. It is shown that ore magnetism is conditioned by one the magnetic phase, but with the changing content of trace elements. It was noted the presence of maghemite a second magnetic phase in areas with advanced oxidation processes only. Is also noted a wide range of changes by induced (0.37-321.8 A/m) and residual (0.19-7685 A/m) of the magnetizations. Obviously, this is due to both the change in the amount of mineralization and textural-structural features highlight it. These processes led to the formation of different domain structures and predetermine the magnitude and direction of residual magnetization. The residual magnetization of the sample, which is the sum thermoremanent, chemical, crystal, viscous and dynamic magnitizations, due to the possible prevalence of the dynamic magnitization is not always adequately reflect the NRM of titanomagnetite ores in-situ.

The corundum-bearing and without-corundum plagioclasites from chromite-bearing ultramafic rocks of Rai-Iz massif were studied. Chemical composition of the rock-forming minerals and rock geochemical characteristics was determined. The U-Pb zircon dating (using SHRIMP-II microprobe) of plagioclasites yielded an age of 398 ± 3 and 404.4 ± 2.8 Ma - Lower-Middle Devonian boundary. At that time on the background of powerful collision it occurred a deep metamorphic processing of Rai-Iz ultramafic rocks resulting in forming of high-chromium chromite ore and separation of vein-series represented by substantially plagioclase rocks with corundum (ruby) mineralization.

The article experimentally proved law of physical principle that the natural stress condition of the Earth’s crust is formed due the result of stress fields superposition caused by gravitational forces of the Earth and by tectonic and astrophysical forces caused by physical processes in space and it is represented by the normal components of the stress tensor