Neoarchean gabbro–anorthosite magmatism: Isotope-geochemical and geochronological studies of the Tsaginsky and Achinsky massifs of the Keivy structure (Kola region)

   Research subject. The Tsaginsky and Achinsky gabbro–anorthosite massifs of the Keivy structure (Kola region).

   Aim. To develop a model of the Archean anorthosite magnetism formation based on new isotopic geochemical and geochronological characteristics.

   Methods. U–Pb dating of zircon (ID TIMS and SHRIMP-RG), Sm–Nd (whole-rock) determination of isotopic characteristics, determination of the geochemical composition of rocks, study of the zircon internal structure in back-scattered electrons and cathode luminescence, determination of REE contents in zircon.

   Results. Zircon from the gabbro–anorthosites and gabbronorite of the Tsaginsky massif crystallized at 2672 ± 10 and 2667 ± 2 Ma, correspondingly. For subalkaline granites cutting through the gabbro–anorthosites of the Tsaginsky massif, the analysis of magmatic zircon established the crystallization age of 2671 ± 2 Ma. The crystallization age of zircon from the gabbro–anorthosites of the Achinsky massif was estimated to be 2675 ± 10 Ma. The Sm–Nd isotopic data for the gabbro–anorthosites of the Tsaginsky and Achinsky massifs indicate that the parental melts were formed from a mantle source with εNd from +0.1 to +3.1. The Sm–Nd isotopic values for alkaline and subalkaline granites of the Keivy structure with εNd from +0.2 to +1.9 also showed mantle characteristics without significant addition of crustal material.

   Conclusions. The Neoarchean gabbro–anorthosites, subalkaline, and alkaline granites of the Keivy structure were formed over a relatively short time interval (2.75–2.67 Ga) as a result of partial melting of a metasomatized mantle source, plume-related uplift in an extensional setting during the post-collisional evolution of the structure, and subsequent differentiation of magmatic melts from basaltic to alkali-granitic compositions, with early-stage plagioclase accumulation. The apparent predominance of felsic over mafic magmatic products within the Keivy structure is likely related to the present erosional level. The studied gabbro–anorthosite massifs, associated with regional faults in the marginal parts of the Keivy structure, may represent only the upper parts of larger, deeper-seated basaltic bodies.

1. Alkaline granites of the Kola Peninsula. (1958) Moscow; Leningrad, Izd-vo AN SSSR Publ., 370 p. (In Russ.)

2. Ashwal L.D. (1993) Anorthosites. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 422 p.

3. Ashwal L.D., Bybee G.M. (2017) Crustal evolution and the temporality of anorthosites. Earth-Sci. Rev., 173, 307-330. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.09.002

4. Batieva I.D. (1976) Petrology of alkaline granitoids of the Kola Peninsula. Leningrad, Nauka Publ., 224 p. (In Russ.)

5. Bayanova T.B. (2004) The age of the reference geological complexes of the Kola region and the duration of magmatism processes. St.Petersburg, Nauka Publ., 176 p. (In Russ.)

6. Bel’kov I.V. (1963) Kyanite shales of the Cave formation. Moscow; Leningrad, AN SSSR Publ., 322 p. (In Russ.)

7. Belolipetskii A.P., Gaskel’berg V.G., Gaskel’berg L.A., Antonyuk E.S., Ilyin Yu.I. (1980) Geology and geochemistry of Early Precambrian metamorphic complexes of the Kola Peninsula. Leningrad, Nauka Publ., 238 p. (In Russ.)

8. Belousova E.A., Griffin W.L., O’Reilly S.Y., Fisher N.I. (2002) Igneous zircon: trace element composition as an indicator of source rock type. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 143, 602-622. doi: 10.1007/s00410-002-0364-7

9. Bossart P.I., Meier M., Oberli F., Steiger R.H. (1986) Morphology versus U-Pb systematics in zircon: a high-resolution isotopic study of a zircon population from a Variscan dike in the Central Alps. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 78(4), 339-354.

10. Chemical analyses of minerals of the Kola Peninsula. (1970) (Ed. I.D. Borneman-Starinkevich). Apatity, Izd-vo KF AN SSSR Publ., 510 p. (In Russ.)

11. Coble M.A., Vazquez J., Barth A.P., Wooden J., Burns D., Kylander-Clark A., Jackson S., Vennari C.E. (2018) Trace Element Characterization of MAD-559 Zircon Reference Material for Ion Microprobe Analysis. Geostand. Geoanal. Res., 42, 481-497. doi: 10.1111/ggr.12238

12. Corfu F., Hanchar J.M., Hoskin P.W.O., Kinny P. (2003) Atlas of zircon textures. Rev. Miner. Geochem., 53, 469-500.

13. Filatova V.T. (2016) The new information on the deep structure of the Tsakinskogo gabbro-labradorite massif (Kola Peninsula). Razvedka i Okhrana Nedr, (7), 14-19. (In Russ.)

14. Geological map of the Kola region (northeastern part of the Baltic Shield). Scale 1:500 000. (1996) (Ed. F.P. Mitrofanov). Apatites, GI KNTs RAN Publ. (In Russ.)

15. Goldstein S.J., Jacobsen S.B. (1988) Nd and Sr isotopic systematics of river water suspended material: implications for crustal evolution. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 87, 249-265.

16. Heaman L.M., Bowins R., Crocket J. (1990) The chemical composition of igneous zircon suites: implications for geochemical tracer studies. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 54, 1597-1607.

17. Hoffmann J.E., Svahnberg H., Piazolo S., Scherstén A., Mϋnker C. (2012) The geodynamic evolution of Mesoarchean anorthosite complexes inferred from the Naajat Kuuat Complex, southern West Greenland. Precambr. Res., 196–197, 149-170. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2011.12.002

18. Hoskin P.W.O., Schaltegger U. (2003) The composition of zircon and igneous and metamorphic petrogenesis. Zircon. (Eds J.M. Hanchar, P.W.O. Hoskin). Berlin; Boston, De Gruyter, 27-62. doi: 10.1515/9781501509322-005

19. Kaulina T.V. (2010) Formation and transformation of zircon in polymetamorphic complexes. Apatity, KNTs RAN Publ., 144 p. (In Russ.)

20. Kaulina T.V., Kislitsyn R.V., Apanasevich E.A. (2004) The final stages of the metamorphic evolution of the Tanaelva belt (Kola region of the Baltic Shield) based on the results of U-Pb dating of zircon, titanite, and rutile. Geokhimiya, (6), 597-603. (In Russ.)

21. Krogh T.E. (1973) A low-contamination method for hydrothermal dissolution of zircon and extraction of U and Pb for isotopic age determinations. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 37, 485-494.

22. Kröner A., Compston W. (1990) Archaean tonalitic gneiss of Finish Lapland revised: zircon ion-microprobe ages. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 104(3), 348-352.

23. Kudryashov N.M., Mokrushin A.V. (2011) Mesoarchean gabbro-anorthosite magmatism of the Kola region: petrochemical, geochronological, and isotope-geochemical data. Petrologiya, 19(2), 173-189. (In Russ.)

24. Ludwig K.R. (1991) ISOPLOT – A plotting and regression program for radiogenic – isotope data, version 2.56. Open-file report 91-445. US Geol. Surv., 40 p.

25. Ludwig K.R. (1999) ISOPLOT/Ex – A geochronological toolkit for Microsoft Excel, Version 2.05. Berkeley Geochronol. Center Spec. Publ. No. 1a.

26. Ludwig K.R. (2012) Isoplot 3.75, a Geochronological Toolkit for Excel. Berkeley Geochronol. Center Spec. Publ., 5, 1-75.

27. McDonough W.F., Sun Sh.S. (1995) The composition of the Earth. Chem. Geol., 120, 223-253. doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(94)00140-4

28. Mineral and chemical composition of granites of the Kola Peninsula (collection of analyses). (1978) (Ed. A.P. Belolipetsky). Apatity, Izd-vo KF AN SSSR Publ., 118 p. (In Russ.)

29. Mintz M.V., Glaznev V.N., Konilov A.N. et al. (1996) Early Precambrian of the Northeastern Baltic Shield: Paleogeodynamics, Structure, and Evolution of the Continental Crust. Moscow, Nauch. Mir Publ., 278 p.

30. Mirskaya D.D. (1968) Petrology of the Keivy area metabasites. Leningrad, Nauka Publ., 168 p. (In Russ.)

31. Mitrofanov F.P., Balagansky V.V., Balashov Yu.A. et al. (1993) U-Pb age of gabbro-anorthosites of the Kola Peninsula. Dokl. AN, 331(1), 95-99. (In Russ.)

32. Mitrofanov F.P., Nerovich L.I. (2003) The time of magmatic crystallization and metamorphic transformations of the autonomous Pyrshin and Abvarsky anorthosite massifs of the Lapland granulite belt. Petrology, 11(4), 381-390. (In Russ.)

33. Mitrofanov F.P., Zozulya D.R., Bayanova T.B., Levkovich N.V. (2000) The world’s oldest anorogenic alkali granitic magmatism in the Keivy structure on the Baltic Shield. Dokl. AN, 374(2), 1145-1148. (In Russ.)

34. Nerovich L.I., Kaulina T.V., Zozulya D.R., Delenitsin A.A., Zhavkov V.A. (2005) Results of a comprehensive study of polymetamorphic anorthosites of the Lapland granulite belt, from petrography to isotopic methods. Petrography of the XXI century. Proc. of the Int. Petrogr. Conf., III, 206-208. (In Russ.)

35. Palme H., O’Neill H.St.C. (2003) Cosmochemical estimates of mantle composition. Treat. Geochem., 2, 1-38. doi: 10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/02177-0

36. Polat A., Appel P.W.U., Fryer B., Windley B., Frei R., Samson I.M., Huang H. (2009) Trace element systematics of the Neoarchean Fiskenæsset anorthosite complex and associated meta-volcanic rocks, SW Greenland: Evidence for a magmatic arc origin. Precambr. Res., 175, 87-115. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2009.09.002

37. Radchenko A.T., Balaganskii V.V., Basalaev A.A., Belyaev O.A., Pozhilenko V.I. Radchenko M.K. (1994) Explanatory note to the geological map of the northeastern part of the Baltic Shield scale 1:500 000. Apatity, KNTs RAN Publ., 95 p. (In Russ.)

38. Rasheed K., Sarma S., Asokan A., Dash J., Bhutani R. (2021) A non-arc tectonic setting for the evolution of Archean gabbro anorthosite Complexes: Evidence from the Singhbhum Craton, eastern India. Precambr. Res., 363, 106250. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2021.106250

39. Rubatto D. (2017) Zircon: The Metamorphic Mineral. Rev. Miner. Geochem., 83, 261-295. doi: 10.2138/rmg.2017.83.9

40. Sharkov E.V. (1975) Stratified intrusions of suture zones of deep faults (on the example of gabbro-anorthosite massifs of the Baltic Shield). Izv. AN SSSR. Ser. geol., (7), 71-81. (In Russ.)

41. Sharkov E.V. (1984) Anorthosite associations of the Kola Peninsula. Anorthosites of the Earth and the Moon (Eds M.S. Markov, O.A. Bogatikov). Moscow, Nauka Publ., 5-61. (In Russ.)

42. Smol’kin V.F., Fedotov Zh.A., Neradovskii Yu.N. et al. (2004) Stratified intrusions of the Monchegorsky ore region: petrology, mineralization, isotopy, deep structure. Apatity. Pt 2. 177 p. (In Russ.)

43. Sotiriou P., Polat A., Frei R., Yang X.-M., van Vessem J. (2020) Evidence for Neoarchean hydrous arc magmatism, the anorthosite-bearing Mayville Intrusion, Western Superior Province. Canada. Lithos, 362–363, 105482. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105482

44. Sotiriou P., Polat A., Kusky T., Windley B.F. Early terrestrial and lunar anorthosites: Comparative geochemistry and evolutionary processes. Geosci. Front., 15, 101914. doi: 10.1016/j.gsf.2024.101914

45. Stacey J.S., Kramers J.D. (1975) Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 26(2), 207-221.

46. Steiger R.H., Jäger E. (1977) Subcommission on geochronology: Convention on the use of decay constants in geo- and cosmochronology. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 36(3), 359-362.

47. Vetrin V.P., Kamenskii I.L., Bayanova T.B., Timmerman M., Belyatsky B.V., Levsky L.K., Balashov Yu.A. (1999) Melanocratic nodules in alkaline granites of the Ponoiskii Massif, Kola Peninsula: a Clue to Petrogenesis. Geochem. Int., 37, 1061-1072. (In Russ.)

48. Vetrin V.R., Rodionov N.V. (2009) Geology and geochronology of Neoarchean anorogenic magmatism of the Keivy structure, Kola Peninsula. Petrology, 17(6), 578-600. (In Russ.)

49. Vrevskii A.B. (2016) Age and sources of anorthosites of the Neoarchean Kolmozero-Voronye greenstone belt (Fennoscandian Shield). Petrology, 24(6), 571-586. (In Russ.)

50. Watson E.B., Wark D.A., Thomas J.B. (2006) Crystallization thermometers for zircon and rutile. Сontrib. Mineral. Petrol., 151, 413-433.

51. Yudin B.A. (1980) Gabbro-labradorite formation of the Kola Peninsula and its metallogeny. Leningrad, Nauka Publ., 168 p. (In Russ.)

52. Zozulya D.R., Bayanova T.B., Eby N.G. (2005) Geology and Age of the Late Archean Keivy Alkaline Province, Northeastern Baltic Shield. J. Geol., 113, 601-608.

53. Zozulya D.R., Eby G.N., Bayanova T.B. (2001) Keivy alkaline magmatism in the NE Baltic Shield: evidence for the presence of an enriched reservoir in Late Archaean mantle. Fourth International Archaean Symposium 2001, Extended Abstracts. AGSO Geoscience Austalia, Record 2001/37, 540-542.

54. Zozulya D., Kudryashov N. (2004) Primary magmas and tectonic setting of the Archaean anorthosites of NE Fennoscandian shield: inferences from REE studies. 32^nd Int. Geol. Congr. Abs., V. 2, abs. 241-25, 1087-1088.