Ural mobile belt: Nature and effect of “anomalous” mantle on the structural and compositional complexes of Timanides and Uralides and their unique ore potential

   Research subject. Neoproterozoic and Early Paleozoic igneous and metamorphic complexes of the Ural mobile belt and their minerageny.

   Aim. To identify the geochemical features of igneous and metamorphic rocks characteristic of different geodynamic regimes in the Timanide and Uralide cycles.

   Methods. A comprehensive review of a large volume of literature and original data on the behavior of trace elements and their ratios in igneous and metamorphic systems of the Urals. A comparative analysis of the key geochemical parameters that characterize the crust of ancient (Uralian and
other) and modern oceans.

   Results. The geodynamic evolution of the Ural mobile belt was characterized by the successive opening of paleooceans within the same geological domain along the margin of the Baltica continent. The oceanic crust of both the Riphean–Vendian (Y/Nb = 20–50) and Paleozoic (Y/Nb = 20–30) Ural paleooceans exhibits a distinctive geochemical signature marked by pronounced Nb depletion. In this respect, it differs significantly from the crust of modern oceans as well as from that of other ancient oceanic systems, including the Paleoasian and Iapetus oceans.

   Conclusions. The distinct composition of the Ural oceanic formations reflects the “anomalous” compositional features of its Riphean–Vendian–Paleozoic mantle. A suggestion is made that the pronounced Nb depletion of the crust, formed during successive stages of Ural paleoocean development, resulted from the preferential extraction of Nb from an already Nb-depleted mantle by rift- and spreading-related magmatism, which exceeded its replenishment by plume-derived material. It is concluded that the presence of an “anomalous” mantle and a distinctive fluid regime (high activity of chlorine and sulfur, as well as water and carbon-containing phases) were the main factors determining the “femicity” of the Ural ore potential (Cr, Pt, Pd, Fe, V, Ti, Cu, Zn, Au). In addition, the unique tectonic evolution of the region (“soft” collisional regime), promoted the preservation, inheritance, and concentration of ore deposits within a narrow geological belt along the margin of the ancient craton.

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