Исследование структурной геологии, контролирующей Опакскую разлому на формации Семилир в Йогякарте, Индонезия

Тема исследования. Морфология холмов, сформировавшаяся в исследуемой зоне, входящей в состав Формации Семилир, предположительно является результатом реактивации разлома Опак. Для подтверждения этого утверждения требуется дальнейшее исследование.

Цель. Исследовать характеристики разлома Опак в Формации Семилир. Исследовательская зона – красная зона, пострадавшая от землетрясения, произошедшего в 2006 году из-за разлома Опак.

Материалы и методы. Исследование проводилось на основе интегрированных данных, включая цифровую модель рельефа (DEM) от DEMNAS (Индонезийская национальная цифровая модель рельефа), цифровую модель разрезов (DOM) и обширные полевые наблюдения. Методика включала анализ интерпретации DOM в сочетании с полевыми обследованиями и методами морфотектоники.

Результаты. Была выделена зона исследования, разделенная на два сегмента: северный и южный. Характеризация этих сегментов основана на различиях в выравнивании рельефа, связанных с общим направлением холмов, и анализе розеточных диаграмм. В северном регионе элонгированные холмы ориентированы в направлении северовосток–юго-запад, в то время как на юге они образуют блочную линеацию север–юг. Полевые наблюдения выявили присутствие высокоугольного разлома в точке наблюдения А (рис. 6a), указывающего на реактивацию, а также обратного разлома в точке наблюдения D1 (рис. 6b). Результаты розеточной диаграммы показывают направление компрессии северного сегмента NW-SE и южного сегмента N-S.

Выводы. Интеграция данных фотограмметрии с использованием БПА и цифровой модели рельефа (DEM) значительно улучшила наше понимание геологических структур в Формации Семилир в Зоне разлома Опак. Анализ показывает, что зона исследования является зоной реактивации разлома Опак, что подтверждается наличием высокоугольных обратных разломов. Эта зона реактивации и морфология ландшафта, состоящая из холмов, интерпретируются как зона разрушения, обусловленная движением разлома Опак, ранее определенного как разлом с левым сдвигом.

1. Abidin, H. Z., Andreas, H., Kato, T., Ito, T., Meilano, I., Kimata, F., Natawidjaya, D. H., and Harjono, H. (2009a). Crustal deformation studies in Java (Indonesia) using GPS. J. Earthq. Tsunami, 3, 77–88. DOI:10.1142/S1793431109000445

2. Abidin, H. Z., Andreas, H., Meilano, I., Gamal, M., Gumilar, I., and Abdullah, C. I. (2009b). Seismic deformation and post-seismic deformation of the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake from GPS survey results. Jurnal Geologi Indonesia, 4, 275–284.

3. Beauchamp, W., Allmendinger, R., Barazangi, M., Demnati, A., El Alji, M., and Dahmani, M. (1999). Inversion tectonics and the evolution of the High Atlas Mountains, Morocco, based on a geological-geophysical transect. Tectonics, 18, 163–184. doi:10.1029/1998TC900015

4. Beauchamp, W., Barazangi, M., Demnati, A., and El Alji, M. (1996). Intracontinental rifting and inversion: Missour Basin and Atlas Mountains, Morocco. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 80, 1459–1482.

5. Consultative Group on Indonesia. (2006). Preliminary damage and loss assessment, Yogyakarta and central Java natural disaster: A joint report of BAPPENAS, the provincial and local governments of D.I. Yogyakarta, the provincial and local governments of central Java, and international partners. In The 15th Meeting of the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI), Jakarta, June 14, 2006. Jakarta.

6. Corradetti, A., Seers, T., Mercuri, M., Calligaris, C., Busetti, A., and Zini, L. (2022). Benchmarking Different SfMMVS Photogrammetric and iOS LiDAR Acquisition Methods for the Digital Preservation of a Short-Lived Excavation: A Case Study from an Area of Sinkhole Related Subsidence. Remote Sensing, 14(20). doi:10.3390/rs14205187.

7. Cowgill, E., Yin, A., Arrowsmith, J.R., Wang, X.F., & Zhang, S. (2004). The Akato Tagh bend along the Altyn Tagh fault, NW Tibet 1, Cenozoic structure, smoothing by vertical-axis rotation, and the effect of topographic stresses on borderland faulting. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 116, 1423-1442.

8. Cruikshank, K. M., Zhao, G., and Johnson, A. M. (1991). Duplex structures connecting fault segments in Entrada Sandstone. Journal of Structural Geology, 13, 11851196. Fossen, H., and Hesthammer, J. (1997). Geometric analysis and scaling relations of deformation bands in porous sandstone. Journal of Structural Geology, 19, 1479-1493.

9. Fukuoka, K., Ehara, S., Fujimitsu, Y., Udi, H., Setyawan, A., Setyadji, L. D., Harijoko, A., Pramumijoyo, S., Setiadi, Y., and Wahyudi. (2006). Interpretation of the 27 May 2006 Yogyakarta Earthquake Hypocenter and Subsurface Structure Deduced from the Aftershock and Gravity data. In The Yogyakarta Earthquake of May, 27. Star Publisher, Los Angeles.

10. Geology of Yogyakarta, Java: The dynamic volcanic arc city. The Geological Society of London, IAEG 2006 Paper number 363, 1-7.

11. Gomez, F., Beauchamp, W., and Barazangi, M. (2000). Role of the Atlas Mountains (northwest Africa) within the African-Eurasian plate-boundary zone. Geology, 28, 775778. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<775:ROTAMN>2.0.CO;2

12. Hall, R. (2012). Late Jurassic-Cenozoic reconstructions of the Indonesian region and the Indian Ocean. Tectonophysics, 570-571, 1-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.04.021

13. Hamilton, W. (1979). Tectonics of the Indonesian Region. USGS Professional Paper. United States Printing Office, Washington. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1078

14. Hill, K. C., Keetley, J. T., Kendrick, R. D., and Sutriyono, E. (2004). Structure and hydrocarbon potential of the New Guinea fold belt. In K. R. McClay (Ed.), Thrust Tectonics and Hydrocarbon Systems (pp. 494-514). American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 82.

15. Hodgetts, D., Drinkwater, N. J., Hodgson, D., Kavanagh, J., Flint, S., Keogh, K. J., Howell, J. (2004). Three-dimensional geological models from outcrop data using digital data collection techniques: an example from the Tanqua Karoo depocentre, South Africa. In A. Curtis and R. Wood (Eds.), Geological Prior Information. Geological Society Special Publication 239, 57-75.

16. Jackson, J., & Leeder, M. (1994). Drainage systems and the development of normal faults – an example from Pleasant Valley, Nevada. Journal of Structural Geology, 16, 1041–1059.

17. James, M.R., Robson, S., 2014. Mitigating systematic error in topographic models derived from UAV and groundbased image networks. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 39 (10), 1413–1420. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3609.

18. Karnawati, D., Pramumijoyo, S., and Hendrayana, H. (2006). Keller, E.A. and Pinter, N. (1996) Active Tectonics: Earthquakes, Uplift, and Landscape. Prentice Hall.

19. Kim, Y. S., Peacock, D. C. P., and Sanderson, D. J. (2004). Fault damage zones. Journal of Structural Geology, 26(3), 503–517. doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2003.08.002

20. Konstantinovskaya, E. A., Harris, L. B., Poulin, J., and Ivanov, G. M. (2007). Transfer zones and fault reactivation in inverted rift basins: Insights from physical modeling. Tectonophysics, 441, 1-26. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2007.06.002

21. Koulakov, I., et al., 2007. P and S velocity structure of the crust and the upper mantle beneath central java from local tomography inversion, J. geophys. Res., 112, B08310. Leeder, M.R., & Jackson, J.A. (1993). The interaction between normal faulting and drainage in active extensional basins, with examples from the western United States and central Greece. Basin Research, 5(2), 9–102.

22. Li J., Ding W., Lin J., Xu Y., Kong F., Li S., Huang X., Zhou Z. (2021) Dynamic processes of the curved subduction system in Southeast Asia: A review and future perspective. Earth-Science Rev., 217, 103647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103647

23. Manna, L., Perozzo, M., Menegoni, N., Tamburelli, S., Crispini, L., Federico, L., Seno, S., and Maino, M. (2023). Anatomy of a km-scale fault zone controlling the Oligo-Miocene bending of the Ligurian Alps (NW Italy): integration of field and 3D high-resolution digital outcrop model data. Swiss Journal of Geosciences, 1-29. doi:10.1186/s00015-023-00444-1

24. McCaffrey, K.J.W., Jones, R.R., Holdsworth, R.E., Wilson, R.W., Clegg, P., Imber, J., Holliman, N., Trinks, I. (2005). Unlocking the spatial dimension: digital technologies and the future of geosciences fieldwork. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 162, 927-938.

25. McGrath, A.G., and Davison, I. (1995). Damage zone geometry around fault tips. Journal of Structural Geology, 17, 1011-1024.

26. Menegoni, N., Inama, R., Crozi, M., and Perotti, C. (2022). Early deformation structures connected to the progradation of a carbonate platform: The case of the Nuvolau Cassian platform (Dolomites Italy). Marine and Petroleum Geology, 138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2022.105574

27. Menegoni, N., Maino, M., Toscani, G., Mordeglia, L. I., Valle, G., and Perotti, C. (2023). Holocene Deformations at the Po Plain – Southern Alps Transition (Lake Maggiore, Italy): Inferences on Glacially vs. Tectonic-Induced Origin. Geosciences, 13(286). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2022.105574

28. Metcalfe I. (2017) Tectonic evolution of Sundaland. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia, 63, 27-60. https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm63201702

29. Natawidjaja, D. H., and Daryono, M. R. (2016). Present-day tectonics and earthquake history of Java, Indonesia. In Proceedings GEOSEA XIV Congress and 45th IAGI Annual Convention 2016.

30. Natawidjaja, D.H. (2007). Tectonic Setting of Indonesia and Modeling of Earthquake and Tsunami Sources. Training in Tsunami Run-up Modeling. Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia: Jakarta, Indonesia.

31. Ollier, C.D. (1981). Tectonics and Landforms. Longman, London, p. 324.

32. Panara, Y., Menegoni, N., Carboni, F., and Inama, R. (2022). 3D digital outcrop model-based analysis of fracture network along the seismogenic Mt. Vettore Fault System (Central Italy): The importance of inherited fractures. Journal of Structural Geology, 161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2022.104654

33. Pena-Castellnou, S., Steinritz, V., Marliyani, G. I., and Reicherter, K. (2021). Active tectonics of the Yogyakarta area (Central Java, Indonesia): Preliminary findings obtained from a tectonic-geomorphic evaluation. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 851(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/851/1/012005

34. Pringle, J.K., Westerman, A.R., Clark, J.D., Drinkwater, N.J., Gardiner, A.R. (2004). 3D high-resolution digital models of outcrop analogue study sites to constrain reservoir model uncertainty: an example from Alport Castles, Derbyshire, UK. Petroleum Geoscience, 10, 343352. https://doi.org/10.1144/1354-079303-617

35. PUSGEN. (2017). Map of the source and hazard of the Indonesian earthquake year. Center for Research and Development of Housing and Settlements, Research and Development Agency, Ministry of Public Works and Housing.

36. Rahardjo, W., Sukandarrumidi, and H. Rosidi (1995). Geologic map of the Yogyakarta quadrangle, Java, scale 1:100,000, 8 pp. Geology Survey Indonesia, Ministry of Mines, Jakarta.

37. Sagir, A. (2001). Ancient deep faults, their reactivation and peculiarities under different geodynamic conditions in eastern Yakutia (northeast Russia). Polarforschung, 69, 117–184.

38. Saputra A., Gomez C., Delikostidis I., Zawar-Reza P., Hadmoko D.S., Sartohadi J., Setiawan M.A. (2018) Determining Earthquake Susceptible Areas Southeast of Yogyakarta, Indonesia–Outcrop Analysis from Structure from Motion (SfM) and Geographic Information System (GIS). Geosciences. 8(4):2076–3263. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8040132

39. Schoenbohm, L., Whipple, K., Burchfiel, B., and Chen, L. (2004). Geomorphic constraints on surface uplift, exhumation, and plateau growth in the Red River region, Yunnan Province, China. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 116, 895–909. https://doi.org/10.1130/b25364.1.

40. Sibson, R. H. (1985). A note on fault reactivation. Journal of Structural Geology, 7(6), 751–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(85)90150-6

41. Silva, P. G., Goy, J. L., Zazo, C., and Bardajm, T. (2003). Fault-generated mountain fronts in Southeast Spain: geomorphologic assessment of tectonic and earthquake activity. Geomorphology, 250, 203–226.

42. Smith, S. A. F., Tesei, T., Scott, J. M., & Collettini, C. (2017). Reactivation of normal faults as high-angle reverse faults due to low frictional strength: Experimental data from the Moonlight Fault Zone, New Zealand. Journal of Structural Geology, 105(July), 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2017.10.009

43. Snyder, N.P., Whipple, K.X., Tucker, G.E., and Merritts, D.J. (2000). Landscape response to tectonic forcing: Digital elevation model analysis of stream profiles in the Mendocino triple junction region, northern California. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 112, 1250–1263. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1250:lrttfd>2.0.co;2.

44. Stewart, I. S., and Hancock, P. L. (1990). What is a fault scarp? Episodes, 13, 256–263.

45. Stewart, I. S., and Hancock, P. L. (1994). Neotectonics. In: Hancock, P. L. (Ed.), Continental Deformation. Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 370–409.

46. Surono, B., Toha, and I. Sudarno (1992). Geological map of Surakarta and Giritontro quadrangle sheet number 1408-3 and 1407-6, scale 1:100,000. Center for Geological Research and Development Bandung.

47. Surono. (2008). Sedimentation of the Semilir Formation in Sendang Village, Wuryantoro, Wonogiri, Central Java. Journal of Geological Resources, 18(1), 29-41.

48. Tannant, D. D., Giordan, D., and Morgenroth, J. (2017). Characterization and analysis of a translational rockslide on a stepped-planar slip surface. Engineering Geology, 220, 144–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.02.004

49. Tsuji, T., Yamamoto, K., Matsuoka, T., Yamada, Y., Onishi, K., Bahar, A., Meilano, I., and Abidin, H. Z. (2009). Earthquake fault of the 26 May 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake observed by SAR interferometry. In Earth Planets Space, 61.

50. Turner, J. P., and Williams, G. A. (2004). Sedimentary basin inversion and intra-plate shortening. Earth-Science Reviews, 65, 277–304.

51. USGS Preliminary Earthquake Report, The website of United States Geological Survey, Earthquake Hazards Program, (available at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2006/usneb6/), 2006.

52. Vollgger, S. A., and Cruden, A. R. (2016). Mapping folds and fractures in basement and cover rocks using UAV photogrammetry, Cape Liptrap and Cape Paterson, Victoria, Australia. Journal of Structural Geology, 85, 168– 187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2016.02.012

53. Wagner, D., Koulakov, I., Rabbel, W., Luehr, B. G., Wittwer, A., Kopp, H., Bohm, M., & Asch, G. (2007). Joint inversion of active and passive seismic data in Central Java. Geophysical Journal International, 170(2), 923–932. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03435.x

54. Walter, T. R., Wang, R., Luhr, B. G., Wassermann, J., Behr, Y., Parolai, S., Anggraini, A., Günther, E., Sobiesiak, M., Grosser, H., Wetzel, H. U., Milkereit, C., Sri Brotopuspito, P. J. K., Harjadi, P., and Zschau, J. (2008). The 26 May 2006 magnitude 6.4 Yogyakarta earthquake south of Mt. Merapi volcano: Did lahar deposits amplify ground shaking and thus lead to the disaster? Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 9(5). https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001810

55. Withjack, M. O., Olsen, P. E., and Schlishe, R. W. (1995). Tectonic evolution of the Fundy rift basin, Canada: Evidence of extension and shortening during passive margin development. Tectonics, 14, 390–405. https://doi.org/10.1029/94TC03087.