litosphereЛитосфераLITHOSPHERE (Russia)1681-90042500-302XA.N. Zavaritsky Institute of Geology and Geochemistry10.24930/2500-302X-2025-25-5-1201-1215IQPYYLlitosphere-2363Research ArticleСтатьиArticlesТеплопотери зданий и формирование подземного городского острова теплаHeat losses from buildings and formation of underground urban heat islandsДемежкоД. Ю.DemezhkoD. Yu.

Д. Ю. Демежко

620016, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Амундсена, 100

Dmitry Yu. Demezhko

ddem54@inbox.ruХацкевичБ. Д.KhatskevichB. D.

Б. Д. Хацкевич

620016, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Амундсена, 100

Bogdan D. Khatskevich

ФакаеваН. Р.FakaevaN. R.

Н. Р. Факаева

620016, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Амундсена, 100

Nelly R. Fakaeva

ГорностаеваА. А.GornostaevaA. A.

А. А. Горностаева

620016, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Амундсена, 100

Anastasiya A. Gornostaeva

АнтипинА. Н.AntipinA. N.

А. Н. Антипин

620016, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Амундсена, 100

Alexander N. Antipin

Институт геофизики им. Ю.П. Булашевича УрО РАНРоссияInstitute of Geophysics, UB RASRussian Federation20250411202525512011215Copyright © Демежко Д.Ю., Хацкевич Б.Д., Факаева Н.Р., Горностаева А.А., Антипин А.Н., 20252025Демежко Д.Ю., Хацкевич Б.Д., Факаева Н.Р., Горностаева А.А., Антипин А.Н.Demezhko D.Y., Khatskevich B.D., Fakaeva N.R., Gornostaeva A.A., Antipin A.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.lithosphere.ru/jour/article/view/2363

Объект исследования. Подземная температурная аномалия, создаваемая типовым офисным зданием. Цель исследования. Экспериментально и теоретически изучить кондуктивные тепловые потери здания, в том числе в подземную среду. Оценить морфологию и эволюцию подземной температурной аномалии, количество избыточного тепла, поступившего в недра. Оценить экономическое значение и экологические следствия температурной аномалии. Материалы и методы. Экспериментальные данные получены в ходе мониторинга температур и тепловых потоков на внутренних и внешних поверхностях главных конструктивных элементов здания Института геофизики УрО РАН в Екатеринбурге. На их основании рассчитаны сопротивления теплопередаче ограждающих конструкций, годовые колебания тепловых потоков и годовые тепловые потери. Численное моделирование использовалось для описания размеров, интенсивности и эволюции подземной температурной аномалии. Результаты. Основную часть тепла (83%) здание теряет через внешние конструктивные элементы – стены, окна, крышу – и лишь 17% – через стены и пол подвала. Суммарные потери за 40 лет эксплуатации здания составляют 133 ТДж и определяются низкими теплоизоляционными свойствами конструктивных элементов. По данным моделирования направленные в грунт потоки тепла сформировали подземную температурную аномалию, к настоящему времени распространившуюся на 15 м в стороны от здания и на 40 м в глубину (по изоаномале 2 К). Избыточное тепло, сохранившееся в недрах за 40 лет, составило 3.2 ТДж, или 2.4% от суммарных кондуктивных теплопотерь. Выводы. Утечки тепла из зданий играют ключевую роль в формировании подземного городского острова тепла, в 36 раз превышая климатический вклад, обусловленный глобальным потеплением. При этом экономическое значение накопленной в подземной среде тепловой энергии невелико, а экологические следствия потепления недр несущественны

Research subject. The underground temperature anomaly created by a typical office building. Aim. To conduct theoretical and experimental studies of conductive heat losses from a building, including those to the underground environment. To assess the morphology and evolution of the underground temperature anomaly and additional heat storage in the sub surface. To evaluate the economic significance and environmental consequences of such a temperature anomaly. Materials and methods. Experimental data were collected by monitoring temperatures and heat fluxes along the internal and external surfaces of the main structural elements of the building of the Institute of Geophysics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Yekaterinburg, Russia). These data were used to calculate the resistance to heat transfer (reciprocal of thermal transmittance) of the building structural elements, annual fluctuations in heat fluxes, and annual heat losses. Numerical simulation was used to describe the distribution, intensity, and evolution of the underground temperature anomaly. Results. The building loses 83% of its heat through external surfaces (walls, windows, roof), with only 17% being lost through the basement walls and floor. Over 40 years of the building operation, the total losses amount to 133 TJ and are determined by the low thermal insulation properties of its structural materials. According to the simulation results, the heat fluxes that penetrated the ground have formed an underground temperature anomaly, which has thus far spread to 15 m to the sides of the building and to 40 m into the depth (by the 2 K isoanomaly). The excess heat storage retained in the subsurface during the period of 40 years amounts to 3.2 TJ or 2.4% of the total conductive heat loss. Conclusions. Heat losses from buildings play a key role in the formation of underground urban heat islands, exceeding the climatic contribution of global warming by 36 times. At the same time, the economic importance of the thermal energy accumulated in the underground environment is low, and the environmental consequences of warming of the sub surface are negligible.

городской остров теплазданиетепловые потериподземная температурная аномалиясопротивление теплопередачетепловой потоктеплосодержаниеurban heat islandbuildingheat lossesunderground temperature anomalyresistance to heat transferheat fluxheat storageИсследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 22-77-10018 (https://rscf.ru/project/22-77-10018/)The work was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Scientific Foundation (project No. 22-77-10018, https://rscf.ru/project/22-77-10018/)ReferencesАдушкин В.В., Спивак А.А., Овчинников В.М., Соловьев С.П., Спунгин В.Г. (1995) Геоэкологический контроль за геофизическими полями мегаполиса. Геоэкология, (2), 44-56.Adushkin V.V., Spivak A.A., Ovchinnikov V.M., Solov’yev S.P., Spungin V.G. (1995) Geophysical control on the geophysical fields of megapolise. Geoekologiya, (2), 44-56. (In Russ.)Анохин А.А., Житин Д.В., Краснов А.И., Лачининский С.С. (2014) Современные тенденции динамики численности населения городов России. Вестн. Санкт-Петербургского ун-та. Науки о Земле, (4), 167-179.Anokhin A.A., Zhitin D.V., Krasnov A.I., Lachininsky S.S. (2014) Modern trends in population quantity dynamics of cities in Russia. Vestn. Sankt-Peterburgskogo un-ta. Nauki o Zemle, (4), 167-179. (In Russ.)Белоусова А.П., Проскурина И.В. (2008). Принципы районирования территории по степени опасности и рисков загрязнения подземных вод. Водные ресурсы, 35(1), 110-122.Arning E., Kölling M., Schulz H.D., Panteleit B., Reich ling J. (2006) Einfluss oberflachennaher Warmegewinnung auf geochemische Prozesse im Grundwasserleiter. Grundwasser, 11(1), 27-39.Ватин Н.И., Немова Д.В., Рымкевич П.П., Горшков А.С. (2012) Влияние уровня тепловой защиты ограждающих конструкций на величину потерь тепловой энергии в здании. Инженерно-строительный журнал, (8), 4-14. https://doi.org/10.5862/MCE.34.1Attard G., Rossier Y., Winiarski T., Eisenlohr L. (2016) Deterministic modeling of the impact of undergroundstructures on urban groundwater temperature. Sci. Total Env., 572, 986-994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.229Горностаева А.А., Демежко Д.Ю., Хацкевич Б.Д., Вдовин А.Г., Факаева Н.Р. (2024) Влияние зданий на под земное тепловое поле г. Екатеринбург. Геофизиче ские процессы и биосфера, 23(2), 12-24. https://doi.org/10.21455/GPB2024.2-2Bayer P., Attard G., Blum P., Menberg K. (2019) The geothermal potential of cities Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 106, 17-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.019Демежко Д.Ю., Горностаева А.А., Хацкевич Б.Д., Вдовин А.Г., Факаева Н.Р. (2024) Подземный городской остров тепла Екатеринбурга. Литосфера, 24(3), 566-581. https://doi.org/10.24930/2500-302X-2024-24-3-566-581Bayer P., Rivera J.A., Schweizer D., Schärli U., Blum P., Rybach L. (2016) Extracting past atmospheric warming and urban heating effects from borehole temperature pro files. Geothermics, 64, 289-299. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2016.06.011Коридалин В.Е., Кузьмина Н.В., Осика В.И., Попов Е.И., Токмаков В.А. (1985) Сейсмические шумы индустриального города. Докл. АН СССР, 280(5), 1094-1097.Belousova A.P., Proskurina I.V. (2008) Principles of zoning a territory by the hazard risks of groundwater pollu tion. Water Res., 35(1) 108-119 (translated from Vodnye resursy, 35(1), 110-122). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11268-008-1013-yСпивак А.А., Локтев Д.Н., Рыбнов Ю.С., Соловьев С.П., Харламов В.А. (2016) Геофизические поля мегаполиса. Геофизические процессы и биосфера, 15(2), 39-54.Benz S.A., Bayer P., Blum P., Hamamoto H., Arimoto H., Taniguchi M. (2018) Comparing anthropogenic heat input and heat accumulation in the subsurface of Osa ka, Japan. Sci. Total Env ., 643, 1127-1136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.253Шулейкин В.Н. (2014) Пары воды, атмосферное элек тричество и поступление радона в приповерхностные слои грунта и атмосферу. Геофизические процессы и биосфера, 13(3), 31-41.Benz S.A., Bayer P., Menberg K., Jung S., Blum P. (2015) Spatial resolution of anthropogenic heat fluxes into ur ban aquifers. Sci. Total Env., 524, 427-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.003Arning E., Kölling M., Schulz H.D., Panteleit B., Reich ling J. (2006) Einfluss oberflachennaher Warmegewin nung auf geochemische Prozesse im Grundwasserleiter. Grundwasser, 11(1), 27-39.Bidarmaghz A., Choudhary R., Soga K., Terrington R.L., Kessler H., Thorpe S. (2020) Large-scale urban underground hydro-thermal modelling – а case study of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, London.Sci. Total Env., 700, 134955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134955Attard G., Rossier Y., Winiarski T., Eisenlohr L. (2016) Deterministic modeling of the impact of underground structures on urban groundwater temperature. Sci. Total Env., 572, 986-994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.229Blum P., Menberg K., Koch F., Benz S.A., Tissen C., Hemmerle H., Bayer P. (2021) Is thermal use of groundwater a pollution? J. Contaminant hydrol., 239, 103791. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103791Bayer P., Attard G., Blum P., Menberg K. (2019) The geo thermal potential of cities Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 106, 17-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.019Brielmann H., Griebler C., Schmidt S.I., Michel R., Lueders T. (2009) Effects of thermal energy discharge on shallow groundwater ecosystems. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 68(3), 273-286. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00674.xBayer P., Rivera J.A., Schweizer D., Schärli U., Blum P., Ry bach L. (2016) Extracting past atmospheric warming and urban heating effects from borehole temperature pro files. Geothermics, 64, 289-299. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2016.06.011Brons H.J., Griffioen J., Appelo C.A.J., Zehnder A.J.B. (1991) (Bio)geochemical reactions in aquifer material from a thermal energy storage site. Water Res ., 25(6), 729-736.Benz S.A., Bayer P., Blum P., Hamamoto H., Arimoto H., Taniguchi M. (2018) Comparing anthropogenic heat input and heat accumulation in the subsurface of Osaka, Japan. Sci. Total Env ., 643, 1127-1136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.253Castiello G., Florio G., Grimaldi M., Fedi M. (2010) En hanced methods for interpreting microgravity anomalies in urban areas. First Break, 28(8), 93-98. http://doi.org/10.3997/1365-2397.28.8.40741Benz S.A., Bayer P., Menberg K., Jung S., Blum P. (2015) Spatial resolution of anthropogenic heat fluxes into ur ban aquifers. Sci. Total Env., 524, 427-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.003Chandler T.J. (1976) The Climate of the British Isles. Boston, Addison–Wesley Longman Ltd, 390 p.Bidarmaghz A., Choudhary R., Soga K., Terrington R.L., Kessler H., Thorpe S. (2020) Large-scale urban under ground hydro-thermal modelling – а case study of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, London.Sci. Total Env., 700, 134955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134955Chu Z., Loria A.F.R. (2024) Modeling underground climate change across a city based on data about a building block. Sustain. Cities Soc., 114, 105775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2024.105775Blum P., Menberg K., Koch F., Benz S.A., Tissen C., Hem merle H., Bayer P. (2021) Is thermal use of groundwater a pollution? J. Contaminant hydrol., 239, 103791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103791Dědeček P., Šafanda J., Rajver D. (2012) Detection and quantification of local anthropogenic and regional climatic transient signals in temperature logs from Czechia and Slovenia. Climatic change, 113, 787-801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0373-5Brielmann H., Griebler C., Schmidt S.I., Michel R., Lueders T. (2009) Effects of thermal energy discharge on shallow groundwater ecosystems. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 68(3), 273-286. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00674.xDemezhko D.Yu., Gornostaeva A.A., Khatskevich B.D., Vdovin A.G., Fakaeva N.R. (2024) Subsurface urban heat island in the city of Ekaterinburg. Lithosphere (Russia), 24(3), 566-581. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24930/2500-302X-2024-24-3-566-581Brons H.J., Griffioen J., Appelo C.A.J., Zehnder A.J.B. (1991) (Bio)geochemical reactions in aquifer material from a thermal energy storage site. Water Res ., 25(6), 729-736.Ferguson G., Woodbury A.D. (2004) Subsurface heat flow in an urban environment. J. Geophys. Res., 109, B02402. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002715Castiello G., Florio G., Grimaldi M., Fedi M. (2010) En hanced methods for interpreting microgravity anomalies in urban areas. First Break, 28(8), 93-98. http://doi.org/10.3997/1365-2397.28.8.40741Gornostaeva A.A., Demezhko D.Yu., Khatskevich B.D., Vdovin A.G., Fakaeva N.R. (2024) Influence of buildings on the subsurface thermal field of Ekaterinburg city. Geofizicheskie Protsessy i Biosfera, 23(2), 12-24. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21455/GPB2024.2-2Chandler T.J. (1976) The Climate of the British Isles. Boston: Addison–Wesley Longman Ltd, 390 p.Hähnlein S., Bayer P., Ferguson G., Blum P. (2013) Sustain ability and policy for the thermal use of shallow geo thermal energy. Energy Policy, 59, 914-925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.04.040Chu Z., Loria A.F.R. (2024) Modeling underground climate change across a city based on data about a building block. Sustain. Cities Soc., 114, 105775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2024.105775Hemmerle H., Ferguson G., Blum P., Bayer P. (2022) The evolution of the geothermal potential of a subsurface urban heat island. Env. Res. Lett., 17(8), 084018. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac7e60Dědeček P., Šafanda J., Rajver D. (2012) Detection and quantification of local anthropogenic and regional climatic transient signals in temperature logs from Czechia and Slovenia. Climatic change, 113, 787-801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0373-5Jung N., Paiho S., Shemeikka J., Lahdelma R., Airaksinen M. (2018) Energy performance analysis of an office building in three climate zones. Energy and Buildings, 158, 1023-1035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.10.030Ferguson G., Woodbury A.D. (2004) Subsurface heat flow in an urban environment. J. Geophys. Res., 109, B02402. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002715Kim S.W., Brown R.D. (2021) Urban heat island (UHI) intensity and magnitude estimations: A systematic literature review. Sci. Total Env., 779, 146389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146389Hähnlein S., Bayer P., Ferguson G., Blum P. (2013) Sustain ability and policy for the thermal use of shallow geo thermal energy. Energy Policy, 59, 914-925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.04.040Koridalin V.E., Kuz’mina N.V., Osika V.I., Popov E.I., Tok makov V.A. (1985) Seismic noise of an industrial city. Dokl. AN SSSR, 280(5), 1094-1097. (In Russ.)Hemmerle H., Ferguson G., Blum P., Bayer P. (2022) The evolution of the geothermal potential of a subsurface ur ban heat island. Env. Res. Lett., 17(8), 084018. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac7e60Lokoshchenko M.A. (2014) Urban ‘heat island’ in Moscow. Urban Climate, 10, 550-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2014.01.008Jung N., Paiho S., Shemeikka J., Lahdelma R., Airaksinen M. (2018) Energy performance analysis of an office build ing in three climate zones. Energy and Buildings, 158, 1023-1035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.10.030Loria A.F.R., Thota A., Thomas A.M., Friedle N., Lautenberg J.M., Song E.C. (2022) Subsurface heat island across the Chicago Loop district: Analysis of localized drivers. Urban Climate, 44, 101211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101211Kim S.W., Brown R.D. (2021) Urban heat island (UHI) in tensity and magnitude estimations: A systematic liter ature review. Sci. Total Env., 779, 146389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146389Luo Z., Asproudi C. (2015) Subsurface urban heat island and its effects on horizontal ground-source heat pump potential under climate change. App. Thermal Eng., 90, 530-537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.07.025Lokoshchenko M.A. (2014) Urban ‘heat island’ in Moscow. Urban Climate, 10, 550-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2014.01.008Menberg K., Bayer P., Zosseder K., Rumohr S., Blum P. (2013) Subsurface urban heat islands in German cities. Sci. Total Env., 442, 123-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.043Loria A.F.R., Thota A., Thomas A.M., Friedle N., Lautenberg J.M., Song E.C. (2022) Subsurface heat is land across the Chicago Loop district: Analysis of localized drivers. Urban Climate, 44, 101211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101211Mohajerani A., Bakaric J., Jeffrey-Bailey T. (2017) The urban heat island effect, its causes, and mitigation, with reference to the thermal properties of asphalt concrete. J. Environ. Manage., 197, 522-538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.095Luo Z., Asproudi C. (2015) Subsurface urban heat island and its effects on horizontal ground-source heat pump potential under climate change. App. Thermal Eng., 90, 530 537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.07.025Oke T.R. (1973) City size and the urban heat island. At mospheric Env. (1967), 7(8), 769-779. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(73)90140-6Menberg K., Bayer P., Zosseder K., Rumohr S., Blum P. (2013) Subsurface urban heat islands in German cities. Sci. Total Env., 442, 123-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.043Previati A., Epting J., Crosta G.B. (2022) The subsurface urban heat island in Milan (Italy) – A modeling approach covering present and future thermal effects on ground water regimes. Sci. Total Env., 810, 152119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152119Mohajerani A., Bakaric J., Jeffrey-Bailey T. (2017) The urban heat island effect, its causes, and mitigation, with reference to the thermal properties of asphalt concrete. J. Environ. Manage., 197, 522-538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.095Schweighofer J.A., Wehrl M., Baumgärtel S., Rohn J. (2021) Detecting groundwater temperature shifts of a subsurface urban heat island in SE Germany. Water, 13(10), 1417. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13101417Oke T.R. (1973) City size and the urban heat island. Atmospheric Env. (1967), 7(8), 769-779. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(73)90140-6Shuleikin V.N. (2015) Water vapor, atmospheric electricity, and radon transfer to the near-surface soil layers and the atmosphere. Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 51(7), 688-692 (translated from Geofizicheskie Protsessy i Biosfera,13(3), 31-41). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433815070087Previati A., Epting J., Crosta G.B. (2022) The subsurface ur ban heat island in Milan (Italy) – A modeling approach covering present and future thermal effects on ground water regimes. Sci. Total Env., 810, 152119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152119Smith M., Hargroves K.C., Stasinopoulos P., Stephens R., Desha C., Hargroves S. (2007) Energy Transformed: Sustainable energy solutions for climate change mitigation. Brisbane, QUT ePrints, 600 p.Schweighofer J.A., Wehrl M., Baumgärtel S., Rohn J. (2021) Detecting groundwater temperature shifts of a subsur face urban heat island in SE Germany. Water, 13(10), 1417. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13101417Spivak A.A., Loktev D.N., Rybnov Yu.S., Soloviev S.P., Kharlamov V.A. Geophysical fields of megapolis. Geo fizicheskie Protsessy i Biosfera, 15(2), 39-54 (In Russ.)Smith M., Hargroves K.C., Stasinopoulos P., Stephens R., Desha C., Hargroves S. (2007) Energy Transformed: Sustainable energy solutions for climate change mitiga tion. Brisbane, QUT ePrints, 600 p.Stewart I.D., Krayenhoff E.S., Voogt J.A., Lachapelle J.A., Allen M.A., Broadbent A.M. (2021) Time evolution of the surface urban heat island. Earth’s Future, 9(10), p.e2021EF002178. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EF002178Stewart I.D., Krayenhoff E.S., Voogt J.A., Lachapelle J.A., Allen M.A., Broadbent A.M. (2021) Time evolution of the surface urban heat island. Earth’s Future, 9(10), p.e2021EF002178. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EF002178Taniguchi M. (1993) Evaluation of vertical groundwater fluxes and thermal properties of aquifers based on transient temperature–depth profiles. Water Resources Res., 29(7), 2021-2026. https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00541Taniguchi M. (1993) Evaluation of vertical groundwater fluxes and thermal properties of aquifers based on transient temperature–depth profiles. Water Resources Res., 29(7), 2021-2026. https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00541Tien P.W., Wei S., Liu T., Calautit J., Darkwa J., Wood C. (2021) A deep learning approach towards the detection and recognition of opening of windows for effective management of building ventilation heat losses and reducing space heating demand. Renewable Energy, 177, 603-625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.05.155Tien P.W., Wei S., Liu T., Calautit J., Darkwa J., Wood C. (2021) A deep learning approach towards the detection and recognition of opening of windows for effective management of building ventilation heat losses and reducing space heating demand. Renewable Energy, 177, 603-625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.05.155Tzavali A., Paravantis J.P., Mihalakakou G., Fotiadi A., Stigka E. (2015) Urban heat island intensity: A literature review. Fresenius Envir. Bull., 24(12b), 4537-4554.Tzavali A., Paravantis J.P., Mihalakakou G., Fotiadi A., Stigka E. (2015) Urban heat island intensity: A litera ture review. Fresenius Envir. Bull., 24(12b), 4537-4554.Vatin N.I., Nemova D.V., Rymkevich P.P., Gorshkov A.S. (2012) Influence of building envelope thermal protection on heat loss value in the building. Inzhenerno-stroitel’nyi Zhurnal, (8), 4-14. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.5862/MCE.34.1Visser P.W., Henk K., Bense V., Emiel B. (2020) Impacts of progressive urban expansion on subsurface temper atures in the city of Amsterdam (The Netherlands). hy drogeol. J., 28(5), 1755-1772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02150-wVisser P.W., Henk K., Bense V., Emiel B. (2020) Impacts of progressive urban expansion on subsurface temperatures in the city of Amsterdam (The Netherlands). hydrogeol. J., 28(5), 1755-1772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02150-wWestaway R., Scotney P.M., Younger P.L., Boyce A.J. (2015) Subsurface absorption of anthropogenic warming of the land surface: The case of the world’s largest brickworks (Stewartby, Bedfordshire, UK). Sci. Total Env., 508, 585-603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.109Westaway R., Scotney P.M., Younger P.L., Boyce A.J. (2015) Subsurface absorption of anthropogenic warming of the land surface: The case of the world’s largest brickworks (Stewartby, Bedfordshire, UK). Sci. Total Env., 508, 585-603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.109Zhu K., Blum P., Ferguson G., Balke K.-D., Bayer P. (2010) The geothermal potential of urban heat islands. Environ. Res. Lett., 5, 044002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/4/044002Zhu K., Blum P., Ferguson G., Balke K.-D., Bayer P. (2010) The geothermal potential of urban heat islands. Environ. Res. Lett., 5, 044002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/4/044002

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.