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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">litosphere</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Литосфера</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>LITHOSPHERE (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1681-9004</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-302X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>A.N. Zavaritsky Institute of Geology and Geochemistry</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24930/1681-9004-2025-25-4-977-1000</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">RQXAIV</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">litosphere-2343</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Специальный выпуск журнала “Литосфера”</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Special Issue of the Lithosphere Journal based on the materials reported at the 14th Ural Lithological Conference and the 5th All-Russian School of Lithology “Heterogeneity in Sedimentary Systems”</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Магнезитовые микробиалиты Кундузакского проявления в коре выветривания Халиловского ультрабазитового массива (Южный Урал)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Magnesite microbialites of the Kunduzak occurrence in the weathering crust of the Khalilovsky ultrabasite massif (Southern Urals)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Георгиевский</surname><given-names>А. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Georgievsky</surname><given-names>A. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117198, г. Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksei F. Georgievsky</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklay st., Moscow 117198</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">georgievskiy_af@pfur.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жегалло</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhegallo</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117647, г. Москва, ул. Профсоюзная, 123</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena A. Zhegallo</p><p>123 Profsoyuznaya st., Moscow 117647</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ezheg@paleo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Георгиевский</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Georgievsky</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117198, г. Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr A. Georgievsky</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklay st., Moscow 117198</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бугина</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bugina</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117198, г. Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Viktoriya M. Bugina</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklay st., Moscow 117198</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кайлачаков</surname><given-names>П. Э.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kailachakov</surname><given-names>P. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>119017, г. Москва, Старомонетный пер., 35</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Platon E. Kailachakov</p><p>35 Staromonetny lane, Moscow 119017</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">KPlaton@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Георгиевская</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Georgievskaya</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>119991, г. Москва, Ленинские горы, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Klavdiya A. Georgievskaya</p><p>1 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">geo.klasha@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Марков</surname><given-names>В. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Markov</surname><given-names>V. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117198, г. Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir E. Markov</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklay st., Moscow 117198</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карелина</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karelina</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117198, г. Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena V. Karelina</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklay st., Moscow 117198</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский университет дружбы народов им. Патриса Лумумбы</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Палеонтологический институт им. А.А. Борисяка РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A.A. Borisyak Paleontological Institute, RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт геологии рудных месторождений, петрографии, минералогии и геохимии РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry, RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title>Специальный выпуск</issue-title><fpage>977</fpage><lpage>1000</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Георгиевский А.Ф., Жегалло Е.А., Георгиевский А.А., Бугина В.М., Кайлачаков П.Э., Георгиевская К.А., Марков В.Е., Карелина Е.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Георгиевский А.Ф., Жегалло Е.А., Георгиевский А.А., Бугина В.М., Кайлачаков П.Э., Георгиевская К.А., Марков В.Е., Карелина Е.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Georgievsky A.F., Zhegallo E.A., Georgievsky A.A., Bugina V.M., Kailachakov P.E., Georgievskaya K.A., Markov V.E., Karelina E.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.lithosphere.ru/jour/article/view/2343">https://www.lithosphere.ru/jour/article/view/2343</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Объект исследования</title><p>Объект исследования. Ранее неизвестные микробиалитовые магнезиты Кундузакского проявления Халиловского ультрабазитового массива Южного Урала.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. На примере кремнистых, фосфатных и карбонатных биолитов рассмотреть проблему микробного породообразования и проанализировать роль в этом процессе цианобактериальной биоты. Лабораторные опыты по минерализации цианобактериальных матов успешны, однако наблюдения в природе показывают, что продуктивность цианобактерий не определяется концентрациями химических элементов в среде обитания. При одинаковых условиях одна и та же популяция цианей то ведет себя нейтрально, то активно аккумулирует минеральное вещество. Причем не всегда аккумулируемый элемент является доминирующим в среде их обитания. Таким образом, есть все основания утверждать, что проблема цианобактериального породо- и рудообразования в полной мере еще не решена и для ее окончательного закрытия требуются дополнительные исследования.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В ходе картирования Кундузакского проявления отбирались пробы магнезитов, которые, помимо исследований в прозрачных шлифах, изучались методами ISP, сканирующей электронной микроскопии, а также с помощью фазового, структурного и флуоресцентного рентгеновского анализа. Работы выполнялись в лабораториях РУДН, ИМГРЭ, ПИН РАН, РГГРУ.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Выявлен богатый комплекс минерализованных бактериальных форм, являющихся принципиальной особенностью строения магнезитов. Это фрагменты цианобактериальных матов и биопленок, кокковидные и палочковидные бактерии, остатки гликокаликса, чехлы нитчатых микрофоссилий, а также микробиота неясного систематического положения. Развитие в магнезитах биоморфоз позволяет провести параллель с процессами современного магнезитонакопления, связанного с деятельностью микробиального сообщества цианобактериальных матов. Последнее обстоятельство становится неопровержимым аргументом биогенной (биолитной) природы магнезита Кундузакского проявления.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. В отложениях доюрской коры выветривания ультрабазитов выявлены ранее не описанные в литературе микробиалитовые магнезиты. Они относятся к “аморфному” промышленному типу руд и образуют пластовую залежь, чем кардинально отличаются от соседних месторождений, где магнезит концентрируется в виде штокверковых тел. Биолитовую природу магнезитов подтверждают разнообразные бактериальные структуры, а дополнительным признаком этих пород, очевидно, являются установленные аномалии Dy, Yb и Lu. Микробиалитовые магнезиты формировались в несколько этапов. Их прогнозные ресурсы оцениваются в 130 тыс. т.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Research subject</title><p>Research subject. Previously unknown microbialitic magnesites of the Kunduzak occurrence of the Khalilovsky ultrabasite massif of the Southern Urals.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. On the example of siliceous, phosphate and carbonate biolites, to consider the problem of microbial rock formation and to analyze the role of cyanobacterial biota in this process. Despite successful laboratory experiments on mineralization of cyanobacterial mats, observations in nature show that the productivity of cyanobacteria is not determined by the concentrations of chemical elements in the habitat. Under the same conditions one and the same population of cyanobacteria behaves neutrally or actively accumulates mineral matter. Moreover, the accumulated element is not always dominant in their habitat. Thus, there is every reason to assert that the problem of cyanobacterial rock and ore formation has not been fully solved yet, and additional studies are required for its ﬁnal closure.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. During the geological mapping of the Kunduzak occurrence, samples of magnesites were taken, which were studied by ISP, scanning electron microscopy, as well as by phase, structural and ﬂuorescence X-ray analysis, in addition to studies in transparent sections. The work was carried out in the laboratories of RUDN, IMGRE, PIN RAS, and RGGRU.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. A rich complex of mineralized bacterial forms, which are a fundamental feature of the structure of magnesites, was revealed. These are fragments of cyanobacterial mats and bioﬁlms, cocciform and bacilliform bacteria, remains of glycocalyx, covers of ﬁlamentous microfossils, as well as microbiota of unclear systematic position. The development of biomorphosis in magnesites allows us to draw a parallel with the processes of modern magnesite accumulation associated with the activity of the microbial community of cyanobacterial mats. The latter circumstance becomes an irrefutable argument of biogenic (biolitic) nature of magnesite of the Kunduzak occurrence.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. In the sediments of the pre-Jurassic weathering crust of ultrabasites, microbialitic magnesites previously undescribed in the literature have been revealed. They belong to the “amorphous” industrial type of ores, and form a bed deposit, which cardinally diﬀers from the neighboring deposits, where magnesite is concentrated in the form of stockwork bodies. The biolitic nature of magnesites is conﬁrmed by a variety of bacterial structures, and an additional feature of these rocks, obviously, are the established anomalies of Dy, Yb and Lu. Microbialitic magnesites were formed in several stages. Their inferred resources are estimated at 130 thousand tons.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цианобактериальные маты</kwd><kwd>бактериальные сообщества</kwd><kwd>псевдоморфозы</kwd><kwd>биолиты</kwd><kwd>кора выветривания</kwd><kwd>магнезит пластовый и прожилковый</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cyanobacterial mats</kwd><kwd>bacterial communities</kwd><kwd>pseudomorphosis</kwd><kwd>bioliths</kwd><kwd>weathering crust</kwd><kwd>bedded and vein magnesite</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авдонин В.В., Жегалло Е.А., Сергеева Н.Е. (2019) Бактериальная природа оксидных железомарганцевых руд Мирового океана. М.: ГЕОС, 284 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amosov R.A., Vasin S.L. (1993) Gold microfossils. Ores and Metals, 36, 101-107. 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