<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">litosphere</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Литосфера</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>LITHOSPHERE (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1681-9004</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-302X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>A.N. Zavaritsky Institute of Geology and Geochemistry</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24930/2500-302X-2025-25-3-451-470</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">EHJRZV</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">litosphere-2306</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Бактериальные постройки углеводородного просачивания с текстурой конус в конусе в породах таврической серии Горного Крыма (Южный берег Крыма)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bacterial hydrocarbon seepage structures with a cone-in-cone texture in the rocks of the Taurian series of the Mountain Crimea (South Coast of Crimea)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лысенко</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lysenko</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>299011, г. Севастополь, ул. Ленина, 28</p><p>299009, г. Севастополь, ул. Героев Севастополя, 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>28 Lenin st., Sevastopol 299011</p><p>7 Heroes of Sevastopol st., Sevastopol 299009</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">niagara_sev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Садыков</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sadykov</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>456317, Челябинская обл., г. Миасс</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Miass, Chelyabinsk region 456317</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт природно-технических систем; Филиал Московского государственного университета имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Natural and Technical Systems; Branch of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Южно-Уральский федеральный научный центр минералогии и геоэкологии УрО РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Mineralogy, South Ural Federal Scientific Center for Mineralogy and Geoecology, UB RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>451</fpage><lpage>470</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лысенко В.И., Садыков С.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лысенко В.И., Садыков С.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lysenko V.I., Sadykov S.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.lithosphere.ru/jour/article/view/2306">https://www.lithosphere.ru/jour/article/view/2306</self-uri><abstract><p>Приводятся результаты исследования палеогеографических условий образования построек с текстурами конус в конусе живыми организмами.</p><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. Изучение морфологии с помощью приполировок и шлифов под микроскопом Olympus BX 5 с фотокамерой Olympus DP 12. Геохимические анализы выполнялись ICP ELAN 9000 (фирмы Perkin Elmer). Изотопный состав углерода определялся масс-спектрометрическим методом на приборе Deltaplus Advantage.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Образование построек происходило на твердом грунте. Оно имело несколько фаз роста. Древовидный скелет построек конус в конусе обладает модульным строением. Из его стенок отходят ламины микронной толщины. Они формируют рулоны конусов, сросшиеся между собой лепестки с рифленой поверхностью. Верхняя поверхность построек покрыта лепестками ламин и сферолитами кальцита. Их минеральный состав представлен шестоватым антраконитом с присутствием родохрозита, кварца и фрамбоидов пирита. Изотопный состав углерода карбонатных построек изменяется от –19.14 до –13.59‰, а ее биогенного материала – δ13С = –36.64‰. На связь образования карбоната с хемосинтезом архей и прокариот указывают изотопный состав углерода, изотопная разница δ13С карбоната и биогенного вещества, присутствие сферолитов карбоната, фрамбоидов пирита, биомаркеров, легкой и тяжелой нефти. Высокие содержания в материале построек литофильных, халькофильных, редкоземельных элементов, а также изотопный состав серы (+11.28; +1.72‰), углерода (от –19.14 до –13.59‰) и кислорода (от –14.52 до –13.45‰) подтверждают использование живыми организмами глубинных вулканических флюидов.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Постройки с текстурами конус в конусе созданы простейшими организмами в симбиозе с прокариотами и археями, которые перерабатывали углеводородные вулканические флюиды в органическое вещество и карбонат. Присутствие рядом с постройками биоценоза крупной фауны и другие признаки позволяют относить образования конус в конусе к древним карбонатам углеводородного просачивания или метанолитам триаса. Постмагматические углеводородные флюиды, которыми питались микроорганизмы, имеют глубинный генезис.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Research subject</title><p>Research subject. Paleogeographic conditions for the formation of structures with cone-to-cone textures by living organisms.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. The morphology of polished sections was studied using an Olympus BX 5 microscope equipped with an Olympus DP 12 camera. Geochemical analysis was performed using an ICP ELAN 9000 (Perkin Elmer). Carbon isotope composition was determined by mass spectrometry on a Deltaplus Advantage device.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The structures were formed on solid ground. They had several growth phases. The tree-like skeleton of the cone-to-cone structures has a modular structure. Micron-thick laminae extended from its walls. They formed rolls of cones, fused petals with a corrugated surface. The upper surface of the structures is covered with lamina petals and calcite spherulites. Their mineral composition is represented by columnar anthraconite with the presence of rhodochrosite, quartz, and pyrite framboids. The isotopic composition of carbon in carbonate structures varied from –19.14 to –13.59‰, and that of its biogenic material δ13С = –36.64‰. The relationship between carbonate formation and chemosynthesis of archaea and prokaryotes is indicated by the results of carbon isotope composition, δ13C isotope difference between carbonate and biogenic matter, presence of carbonate spherulites, pyrite framboids, biomarkers, light and heavy oil. High contents of lithophile, chalcophile, rare earth elements in the material of the structures, as well as the isotope composition of sulfur (+11.28; +1.72‰), carbon (from –19.14 to –13.59‰) and oxygen (from –14.52 to –13.45‰) confirm the use of deep volcanic fluids by living organisms.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Structures with cone-to-cone textures were created by protozoa in symbiosis with prokaryotes and archaea, which processed hydrocarbon volcanic fluids into organic matter and carbonate. The presence of large fauna near the biocenosis structures and other features allow us to attribute the cone-to-cone formations to ancient hydrocarbon seepage carbonates or Triassic methane-liths. Postmagmatic hydrocarbon fluids, which have fed the microorganisms, have a deep genesis.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>археи</kwd><kwd>прокариоты</kwd><kwd>модульное строение</kwd><kwd>ламины</kwd><kwd>древовидный скелет</kwd><kwd>сферолиты</kwd><kwd>антраконит</kwd><kwd>изотопный состав</kwd><kwd>метан</kwd><kwd>карбонаты просачивания углеводородов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>archaea</kwd><kwd>prokaryotes</kwd><kwd>modular structure</kwd><kwd>laminas</kwd><kwd>tree-like skeleton</kwd><kwd>spherulites</kwd><kwd>anthraconite</kwd><kwd>isotopic composition</kwd><kwd>methane</kwd><kwd>hydrocarbon seeps carbonates</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа поддержана государственной бюджетной темой в рамках Госзадания ИПТС, № госрегистрации 124020100120-9</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out within the framework of the State assignment of the Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Natural and Technical Systems, state registration no. 124020100120-9.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Арсланов Х.А. (1987) Радиоуглерод: геохимия и геохронология. Л.: ЛГУ, 300 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aharon P. (1994) Geology and biology of modern and ancient submarine Hydrocarbon seeps and vents: an introduction. Geo-Marine Lett., 14(2), 69-73. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF01203716</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Балашов Ю.А. (1976) Геохимия редкоземельных элементов. М.: Наука, 267 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arslanov H.A. (1987) Radiocarbon: geochemistry and geochronology. Leningrad, LGU, 300 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Богоявленская О.В. (2007) Девонские строматопораты (морфология, систематика, стратиграфическое и палеогеографическое распространение). Литосфера, (1), 109-122.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balashov Yu.A. (1976) Geochemistry of rare earth elements. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 267 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Валяев Б.М. (1997) Углеводородная дегазация Земли и генезис нефтегазовых месторождений. Геология нефти и газа, (9), 1-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bogoyavlenskaya O.V. (2007) Devonian stromatoporates (morphology, systematics, stratigraphic and paleogeographic distribution). Lithosphere (Russia), (1), 109-122. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дубинин А.В. (2004) Геохимия редкоземельных элементов в океане. Литология и полез. ископаемые, (4), 339-358.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buczynski C., Chafetz H.S. (1992) Bacterially Induced Lithification of Microbial Mats. PALAIOS, 7(3), 277-293. http://doi.org/10.2307/3514973</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жарков Р.В., Козлов Д.Н., Дегтерев А.В. (2011) Современная фумарольная и гидротермальная активность вулкана Синарка (о. Шиашкотан, Курильские острова). Вестн. КРАУНЦ. Науки о Земле, 1(17), 179-184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Butterfield D.A., Massoth G.J. (1994) Geochemistry of north Cleft segment vent fluids: Temporal changes in chlorinity and their possible relation to recent volcanism. J. Geophys. Res., 99(B3), 4951-4968. http://doi.org/10.1029/93JB02798</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Интерпретация геохимических данных (2001) (Под ред. Е.В. Склярова). М.: Интермет Инжиниринг, 288 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campbell K.A. (2006) Hydrocarbon seep and hydrothermal vent paleoenvironments and paleontology: Past developments and future research directions. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 232(2-4), 362-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.06.018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Катченков С.М. (1959) Малые химические элементы в осадочных породах и нефтях. Л.: Гостоптехиздат, 271 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campbell K.A., Bottijer D.J. (1993) Fossil cold seeps. National Geographic Research &amp; Exploration, 9(3), 326-343.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Колокольцев В.Г. (2002) Текстура cone-in-cone и ее происхождение. Литология и полез. ископаемые, (6), 612-627.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dubinin A.V. (2004) Geochemistry of rare earth elements in the ocean. Litologiya i Polez. Iskopaemye, (4), 339-358. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Летникова Е.Ф. (2005) Геохимическая специфика карбонатных отложений различных геодинамических обстановок северо-восточного сегмента палеоазиатского океана. Литосфера, (1), 70-81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ernst W. (1976) Geochemical analysis of facies. Leningrad, Nedra Publ., 127 p. (In Russ.) Fore G. (1989) Fundamentals of isotope geology. Moscow, Mir Publ., 590 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Логвиненко Н.В. (1961) О флишевых текстурах триасовых отложений Крыма. Изв. вузов. Геология и разведка, (3), 16-28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gilman R.A., Metzger W.J. (1967) Cone in cone concretions from Western New York. J. Sediment. Petrol., 37, 87-95.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лысенко В.И. (2019а) Характеристика вулканической толщи верхнего триаса в Юго-западной части Горного Крыма. Уч. зап. Крымского федерального университета им. В.И. Вернадского. География. Геология, 5(71), 230-253.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hesse R., Fong C., Schumann D. (2019) Origin of spherulitic and cone-in-cone concretions in Cambro-Ordovician black shales, St Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada. Geol. Mag., 156(10), 1793-1804. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0016756819000128</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лысенко В.И. (2019б) Экспериментальные работы по возрождению к жизни сообществ архей и бактерий миоцена из гераклитов. Тр. Карадагской научной станции им. Т.И. Вяземского – природного заповедника РАН, 11(3), 17-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Interpretation of geochemical data. (2001) (Ed. by E.V. Sklyarov). Moscow, Intermet Inzhiniring Publ., 288 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лысенко В.И., Садыков С.А., Михайличенко Т.В. (2022) Гидротермально-бактериальные постройки с фауной брахиопод на поверхности Тессельского палеовулкана (Южный берег Крыма). Литосфера, 22(4), 497-511. https://doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2022-22-4-497-511</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katchenkov S.M. (1959) Minor chemical elements in sedimentary rocks and oils. Leningrad, Gostoptekhizdat Publ., 271 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мизенс Г.А., Степанова Т.И., Кучева Н.А., Сапурин С.А. (2014) Геохимические особенности известняков и условия осадконакопления на изолированной карбонатной платформе в позднем девоне и начале карбона на восточной окраине Урала. Литосфера, (6), 53-76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kholodov V.N., Nedumov R.I. (2005) On the application of the molybdenum module to the reconstruction of the gas composition of the waters of the Cretaceous Atlantic. Dokl. AN, 400(2), 250-253. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Муратов М.В. (1959) О стратиграфии триасовых и нижнеюрских отложений Крыма. Изв. вузов. Геология и разведка, (11), 31-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirkham A., Tucker M.E. (2018) Thrombolites, spherulites and fibrous crusts (Holkerian, Purbeckian, Aptian): Context, fabrics and origins. Sediment. Geol., 374, 69-84. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2018.07.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сонин Г.В. (2007) Фациальные условия распространения и экологический морфогенез пермских строматолитов. Верхний палеозой России: стратиграфия и палеогеография: материалы всерос. науч. конф. Казань, КазГУ, 306-309.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolokoltsev V.G. (2002) Cone-in-cone texture and its origin. Litologiya i Polez. Iskopaemye, (6), 612-627. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ставский А.П., Казанцев А.В. (1973) Некоторые особенности текстур конус в конусе в породах таврической серии Крыма. Изв. вузов. Геология и разведка, (6), 199-201.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Letnikova E.F. (2005) Geochemical specificity of carbonate deposits of different geodynamic settings of the northeastern segment of the Paleoasian ocean. Lithosphere (Russia), (1), 70-81. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тейс Р.В., Найдин Д.П. (1973) Палеотермометрия и изотопный состав кислорода органогенных карбонатов. М.: Наука, 254 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Logvinenko N.V. (1961) On flysch textures of Triassic deposits of Crimea. Izv. Vuzov. Geologiya i Razvedka, (3), 16-28. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тугарова М.А. (2014) Микробиолиты триаса архипелага Шпицберген. Тр. ВНИИОкеангеология, вып. 227. СПб.: ВНИИ Океангеология, 198 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lysenko V.I. (2019а) Characteristics of the Upper Triassic volcanic strata in the southwestern part of Mountainous Crimea. Uch. zap. Krymskogo federal’nogo universiteta im. V.I. Vernadskogo. Geografiya. Geologiya, 5(71), 230-253. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фор Г. (1989) Основы изотопной геологии. М.: Мир, 590 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lysenko V.I. (2019б) Experimental work on the revival of Miocene archaeal and bacterial communities from Heraclites. Тр. Карадагской научной станции им. Т.И. Вяземского – природного заповедника РАН, 11(3), 17-41. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Холодов В.Н., Недумов Р.И. (2005) О применении молибденового модуля к реконструкции газового состава вод меловой Атлантики. Докл. АН, 400(2), 250-253.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lysenko V.I., Sadykov S.A., Mikhailichenko M.V. (2022) Hydrothermal-bacterial constructions with brachiopod fauna on the surface of the Tessel paleovolcano (South Coast of Crimea). Lithosphere (Russia), 22(4), 497-511. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2022-22-4-497-511</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шнюков Е.Ф., Шереметьев В.М., Маслаков Н.А., Кутний В.А., Гусаков И.Н., Трофимов В.В. (2005) Грязевые вулканы Керченско-Таманского региона. Краснодар.: ГлавМедиа, 176 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maher H., Ogata K., Braathen A. (2017). Cone-in-cone and beef mineralization associated with Triassic growth basin faulting and shallow shale diagenesis, Edgeøya, Svalbard. Geol. Mag., 154(2), 201-216. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756815000886</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шумилов И.Х. (2020) Текстура конус-в-конусе: новые данные. Литосфера, 20(1), 76-92. https://doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2020-20-1-76-92</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mizens G.A., Stepanova T.I., Kucheva N.A., Sapurin S.A. (2014) Geochemical features of limestones and sedimentation conditions on an isolated carbonate platform in the late Devonian and early Carboniferous on the eastern margin of the Urals. Lithosphere (Russia), (6), 53-76. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Эрнст В. (1976) Геохимический анализ фаций. Л.: Недра, 127 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muratov M.V. (1959) On the stratigraphy of Triassic and Lower Jurassic deposits of Crimea. News of Universities. Izv. Vuzov. Geologiya i Razvedka, (11), 31-41. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юдович Я.Э., Кетрис М.П. (2011) Геохимические индикаторы литогенеза (литологическая геохимия). Сыктывкар: Геопринт, 742 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shnyukov E.F., Sheremet’ev V.M., Maslakov N.A., Kutnii V.A., Gusakov I.N., Trofimov V.V. (2005) Mud volcanoes of the Kerch-Taman region. Krasnodar, GlavMedia Publ., 176 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ярков А.А. (2015) Zarizinlaminata – царские пластинки. Современные проблемы географии. Сборник науч. труд. по материалам Юбилейной науч.-практ. конф., посвящ. 65-летию Волгоградского отделения Русского географического общества. М.: Планета, 55-104.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shumilov I.Kh. (2020) Cone-in-cone texture: new data. Lithosphere (Russia), 20(1), 76-92. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2020-20-1-76-92</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aharon P. (1994) Geology and biology of modern and ancient submarine Hydrocarbon seeps and vents: an introduction. Geo-Marine Lett., 14(2), 69-73. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF01203716</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sonin G.V. (2007) Facies conditions of distribution and ecological morphogenesis of Permian stromatolites. Upper Paleozoic of Russia: stratigraphy and paleogeography: Proceedings of the All-Russian scientific conference. Kazan, KazGU, 306-309. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buczynski C., Chafetz H.S. (1992) Bacterially Induced Lithification of Microbial Mats. PALAIOS, 7(3), 277-293. http://doi.org/10.2307/3514973</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stavskiy A.P., Kazantsev A.V. (1973) Some features of “conein-cone” textures in rocks of the Tauride series of Crimea. Izv. Vuzov. Geologiya i Razvedka, (6), 199-201. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Butterfield D.A., Massoth G.J. (1994) Geochemistry of north Cleft segment vent fluids: Temporal changes in chlorinity and their possible relation to recent volcanism. J. Geophys. Res., 99(B3), 4951-4968. http://doi.org/10.1029/93JB02798</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tarr W.A. (1922) Cone-in-cone. Amer. J. Sci., 4(21), 199-213.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campbell K.A. (2006) Hydrocarbon seep and hydrothermal vent paleoenvironments and paleontology: Past developments and future research directions. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 232(2-4), 362-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.06.018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teis R.V., Naidin D.P. (1973) Paleothermometry and isotopic composition of oxygen in organogenic carbonates. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 254 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campbell K.A., Bottijer D.J. (1993) Fossil cold seeps. National Geographic Research &amp; Exploration, 9(3), 326-343.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tugarova M.A. (2014) Triassic microbiolites of the Spitsbergen archipelago. Tr. VNIIOkeangeologiya, vyp. 227. Saint Petersburg, VNIIOkeangeologiya, 198 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gilman R.A., Metzger W.J. (1967) Cone in cone concretions from Western New York. J. Sediment. Petrol., 37, 87-95. Hesse R., Fong C., Schumann D. (2019) Origin of spherulitic and cone-in-cone concretions in Cambro-Ordovician black shales, St Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada. Geol. Mag., 156(10), 1793-1804. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756819000128</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valyaev B.M. (1997) Hydrocarbon degassing of the Earth and genesis of oil and gas fields. Geologiya Nefti i Gaza, (9), 1-6. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kirkham A., Tucker M.E. (2018) Thrombolites, spherulites and fibrous crusts (Holkerian, Purbeckian, Aptian): Context, fabrics and origins. Sediment. Geol., 374, 69-84. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2018.07.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yarkov A.A. (2015) Zarizinlaminata – royal plates. Modern problems of geography. Collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the Scientific practical conference dedicated to the 65th anniversary of the Volgograd branch of the Russian Geographical Society. Moscow, Planeta Publ., 55-104. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maher H., Ogata K., Braathen A. (2017). Cone-in-cone and beef mineralization associated with Triassic growth basin faulting and shallow shale diagenesis, Edgeøya, Svalbard. Geol. Mag., 154(2), 201-216. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756815000886</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yudovich Ya.E., Ketris M.P. (2011) Geochemical indicators of lithogenesis (lithological geochemistry). Syktyvkar, GeoPrint Publ., 742 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tarr W.A. (1922) Cone-in-cone. Amer. J. Sci., 4(21), 199-213.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zharkov R.V., Kozlov D.N., Degterev A.V. (2011) Modern fumarole and hydrothermal activity of Sinarka volcano (Shiashkotan Island, Kuril Islands). Vestn. KRAUNTs. Nauki o Zemle, 1(17), 179-184. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
