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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">litosphere</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Литосфера</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>LITHOSPHERE (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1681-9004</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-302X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>A.N. Zavaritsky Institute of Geology and Geochemistry</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24930/2500-302X-2024-24-4-722-734</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">litosphere-2119</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>О внешнеотсчетном статусе зональных биохронологических шкал</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>On the external indicating status of zonal biochronological scales</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черных</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernykh</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>В. В. Черных</p><p>620110, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Академика Вонсовского, 15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valerii V. Chernykh</p><p>15 Academician Vonsovsky st., Ekaterinburg 620110</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">chernykh@igg.uran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт геологии и геохимии им. академика А.Н. Заварицкого УрО РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A.N. Zavaritsky Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, UB RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>722</fpage><lpage>734</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Черных В.В., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Черных В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chernykh V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.lithosphere.ru/jour/article/view/2119">https://www.lithosphere.ru/jour/article/view/2119</self-uri><abstract><p>Объект исследования. Обсуждается вопрос о возможности создания внешней биохронологической шкалы в стратиграфии. Материал и методы. Анализируются факторы, обеспечивающие независимость выбранных для построения шкалы событий от геологической обстановки, в которой они происходили. Результаты. Выделена категория биохронологических шкал, построенных по результатам изучения эволюционного изменения определенной части скелета, гомологичной для членов длительно существующей группы организмов. Такие шкалы предлагается называть мерономическими. Проведено подробное обсуждение особенностей построения мерономических шкал по результатам изучения конодонтов. Эволюционная последовательность видов ископаемых в значительной мере обеспечивает непрерывность шкалы и ее внешнеотсчетный статус, предполагающий независимость шкалы от фациальных особенностей, сопоставляемых с ее помощью разрезов. Обсуждаются основные черты дивергенции, возникающей в процессе эволюции при конкурентных взаимоотношениях родственных видов. Показано совпадение главных особенностей развития скелетных элементов в процессе эволюции конодонтов с прогнозом, исходящим из принятой модели ансамблевого развития родственных видов. В частности, к таким особенностям относятся усиление изменчивости платформенных, стабилизация морфологии рамиформных элементов, а также направленное изменение Ра элементов, которое служит основой построения конодонтовых мерономических шкал. Эволюционный морфологический тренд Ра элемента, возникающий в процессе конкурентных отношений родственных видов, не зависит от того, в каких именно внешних абиотических условиях осуществляются эти взаимоотношения. Соответственно, и биохронологическая шкала, построенная на базе эволюционного тренда состояний Ра элемента, может рассматриваться как внешняя по отношению к измеряемым геологическим событиям, запечатленным в конкретных разрезах. Для объяснения фактов краткого существования и широкого распространения периодически возникающих морфотипов Ра элементов, привлекается явление эволюционных осцилляций, состоящее в том, что в определенные периоды в пространственно разобщенных популяциях родственных видов генофонды меняются одновременно и сходным образом. Процесс синхронного повышения частоты признака охватывает изолированные и полуизолированные популяции родственных видов на территории протяженностью в сотни и тысячи километров и практически одновременно. Подобную картину мы наблюдаем на определенных стратиграфических рубежах в морфологических преобразованиях конодонтов. Хотя причины таких эволюционных осцилляций до сих пор не ясны, однако установленный факт их синхронного проявления на значительных территориях исключает зависимость от абиотических условий конкретных местонахождений родственных популяций. Это обстоятельство является еще одним условием, позволяющим считать исторический морфогенез Ра элементов, отмечаемый в процессе описанной ансамблевой эволюции родственных видов конодонтов, не зависящим от абиотических причин и определяемым только внутренними факторами. Выводы. Биохронологические шкалы, в основу которых заложены стадии эволюционного изменения определенной части скелета, гомологичной для членов длительно существующей группы организмов, в значительной степени ограждены от влияния абиотических условий и могут рассматриваться как шкалы внешние.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Research subject. The possibility of creating an external biochronological scale in stratigraphy is discussed. Materials and methods. Factors that ensure the independence of the events selected for constructing a biochronological scale from the geological setting of their occurrence are analyzed. Results. A category of biochronological scales, which are constructed based on studying evolutionary changes in a certain part of the skeleton, homologous to members of a long-existing group of organisms, was distinguished. Such scales are proposed to be referred to as meronomical. The specifics of constructing meronomical scales based on the study of conodonts is discussed. The evolutionary sequence of fossil species ensures the continuity of the scale and its external indicating status, which implies the independence of the scale from the facial features of the sections compared with its help. The main features of divergence arising in the process of evolution in the competitive relationships of related species are discussed. The correspondence of the main features arising in the development of skeletal elements during the evolution of conodonts with the prediction based on the accepted model of an ensemble development of related species is shown. In particular, such features include an increase in the variability of platform elements and stabilization of the morphology of ramiform elements, as well as a directed change in Pa elements, which serves as the basis for constructing conodont meronomical scales. The evolutionary morphological trend of the Pa element, which arises in the process of competitive relations between related species, does not depend on the particular external abiotic conditions in which these relationships are carried out. Accordingly, the biochronological scale built on the basis of the evolutionary trend of the Pa element states can also be considered as external in relation to the measured geological events captured in specific sections. The facts of the brief existence and wide distribution of periodically occurring Pa element morphotypes are explained by the phenomenon of evolutionary oscillations. This phenomenon implies that, at certain time periods in spatially separated populations of related species, their gene pools change simultaneously and in a similar way. The process of a synchronous increase in the frequency of a certain trait covers isolated and semi-isolated populations of related species in an area stretching hundreds and thousands of kilometers and almost simultaneously. A similar picture can be observed in the morphological transformations of conodonts at certain stratigraphic boundaries. Although the reasons for such evolutionary oscillations are still unclear, the established fact of their synchronous manifestation in large areas excludes the dependence of related populations on the abiotic conditions of specific locations. This circumstance represents another condition that makes it possible to consider the historical morphogenesis of Pa elements observed in the process of the described ensemble evolution of related conodont species as independent of abiotic causes and determined only by internal factors. Conclusion. Biochronological scales, which are based on the stages of evolutionary changes in a certain part of the skeleton, homologous to members of a long-existing group of organisms, are largely protected from the influence of abiotic conditions and can be considered as external scales.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>внешняя шкала</kwd><kwd>биохронологическая шкала</kwd><kwd>мерономическая шкала</kwd><kwd>морфологические тренды</kwd><kwd>эволюционные осцилляции</kwd><kwd>конодонты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>external scale</kwd><kwd>biochronological scale</kwd><kwd>meronomical scale</kwd><kwd>morphological trends</kwd><kwd>evolutionary oscillations</kwd><kwd>conodonts</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках НИР государственного задания ИГГ УрО РАН, тема № 123011800010-5</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was conducted out within the framework of state assignment of IGG UB RAS (No. 123011800010-5)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Голубовский М.Д., Иванов Ю.Н., Захаров И.К., Берг Р.Л. 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