<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">litosphere</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Литосфера</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>LITHOSPHERE (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1681-9004</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-302X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>A.N. Zavaritsky Institute of Geology and Geochemistry</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24930/2500-302X-2024-24-3-566-581</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">litosphere-2101</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Подземный городской остров тепла Екатеринбурга</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Subsurface urban heat island in the city of Ekaterinburg</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демежко</surname><given-names>Д. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Demezhko</surname><given-names>D. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>620016, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Амундсена, 100</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>100 Amundsen st., 620016 Ekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ddem54@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горностаева</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gornostaeva</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>620016, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Амундсена, 100</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>100 Amundsen st., 620016 Ekaterinburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хацкевич</surname><given-names>Б. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khatskevich</surname><given-names>B. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>620016, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Амундсена, 100</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>100 Amundsen st., 620016 Ekaterinburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вдовин</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vdovin</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>620016, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Амундсена, 100</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>100 Amundsen st., 620016 Ekaterinburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Факаева</surname><given-names>Н. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fakaeva</surname><given-names>N. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>620016, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Амундсена, 100</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>100 Amundsen st., 620016 Ekaterinburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт геофизики им. Ю.П. Булашевича УрО РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yu.P. Bulashevich Institute of Geophysics, UB RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>566</fpage><lpage>581</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Демежко Д.Ю., Горностаева А.А., Хацкевич Б.Д., Вдовин А.Г., Факаева Н.Р., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Демежко Д.Ю., Горностаева А.А., Хацкевич Б.Д., Вдовин А.Г., Факаева Н.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Demezhko D.Y., Gornostaeva A.A., Khatskevich B.D., Vdovin A.G., Fakaeva N.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.lithosphere.ru/jour/article/view/2101">https://www.lithosphere.ru/jour/article/view/2101</self-uri><abstract><p>Объект исследования. Подземное тепловое поле Екатеринбурга (подземный городской остров тепла).  Цель исследования. Определить критерии аномальности среднегодовых температур горных пород в Екатеринбурге, выявить закономерности пространственного распределения подземных температур, на основе математического моделирования количественно оценить ключевые факторы формирования городского острова тепла и изменение теплосодержания горных пород. Материалы и методы. Основной экспериментальный материал получен авторами в ходе годового цикла геотермических исследований в наблюдательных скважинах Екатеринбурга (22 скважины) и фоновых участков (Дегтярского, Верх-Сысертского, Гагарского – 10 скважин). При интерпретации полученных материалов использованы статистические методы анализа и математические модели, описывающие влияния климата, локальных поверхностных аномалий температуры, фильтрации подземных вод на подземное тепловое поле. Результаты. Аномальными на глубине 20 м следует считать среднегодовые температуры, выходящие за пределы интервала 5°C &lt; Тср &lt; 6°C. Максимальная интенсивность городского острова тепла Екатеринбурга приурочена к плотно застроенным центральным районам города. Наиболее высокие температуры (Тср &gt; 10°C) на глубине 20 м наблюдаются в скважинах, расположенных вблизи зданий или непосредственно в них. Для них характерно быстрое уменьшение температуры с глубиной. Умеренные аномалии (6°C &lt; Тср &lt; 10°C) наблюдаются вдали от зданий. Удаленность от центральных районов, по-видимому, играет более важную роль в формировании температурных аномалий, чем характер городских покрытий (асфальт, бетон, газоны). Фоновые (Тср &lt; 6°C) температуры отмечены в скважинах, расположенных за пределами Объездной автодороги. Анализ характера затухания с глубиной годовых температурных колебаний позволил выявить в районе Городского пруда участок с интенсивной вертикальной фильтрацией – до 24 м/г. Наиболее значительные изменения теплосодержания в интервале 10–50 м связаны с утечками тепла из подвалов зданий (23–46) × 107 Дж/м2. Вместе с тем это тепло в количественном сопоставлении с общим расходом энергии, затраченной на отопление, составляет лишь сотые доли процента.  Выводы. Впервые представлена характеристика подземного городского острова тепла крупного российского города. Полученные результаты могут найти применение при выработке стратегии развития мегаполисов в условиях меняющегося климата.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Research subject. The subsurface thermal field in the city of Ekaterinburg (subsurface urban heat island). Aim. To determine criteria for the anomaly of mean annual subsurface temperatures in Ekaterinburg; to identify patterns of spatial distribution of underground temperatures; to quantify the main factors forming an urban heat island and changes in the heat content of rocks using mathematical modeling. Materials and methods. The main experimental data were obtained during the annual cycle of geothermal studies in observational boreholes of Ekaterinburg (22 boreholes) and surrounding areas (10 boreholes in Degtyarskiy, Verkh-Sysertskiy, Gagarskiy districts). Statistical analysis and mathematical modeling describing the impact of climate, local temperature anomalies of ground surface, and groundwater filtration to the underground thermal field were used when interpreting the obtained data. Results. At a depth of 20 m, the mean annual temperatures being less than 5°C and more than 6°C should be considered as anomalous. The maximum intensity of the urban heat island in Ekaterinburg is confined to densely built-up central areas of the city. The highest temperatures (&gt;10°C) at a depth of 20 m are observed in boreholes located near buildings or directly therein. Here, a rapid decrease in temperature with depth is typical. Moderate anomalies from 6°C to 10°C are observed far from buildings. Remoteness from the central regions apparently plays a more important role in the formation of temperature anomalies than the type of urban surfaces (asphalt, concrete, lawns). Background temperatures (less than 6°C) were recorded in boreholes located outside the Ring Road.  An analysis of patterns in the attenuation of annual temperature variations with depth allowed an area with intense vertical filtration (up to 24 m/year) to be identified near the City Pond. The most significant changes in heat content in the range of 10–50 m are associated with heat leakage from the basements of buildings, equaling to (23–46) × 107 J/m2. However, this heat is only hundredths of a percent of the total energy consumption spent on heating. Conclusions. The subsurface urban heat island of a large Russian city has been characterized for the first time. The results obtained can be used when developing a strategy for megacities in changing climate conditions.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>городской остров тепла</kwd><kwd>подземные температуры</kwd><kwd>термометрия скважин</kwd><kwd>теплосодержание</kwd><kwd>тепловой баланс</kwd><kwd>фильтрация подземных вод</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>urban heat island</kwd><kwd>subsurface temperatures</kwd><kwd>borehole temperature measurements</kwd><kwd>heat content</kwd><kwd>urban energy balance</kwd><kwd>groundwater filtration</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белан Б.Д. (1996) К вопросу о формировании “шапки” загрязнений над промышленными центрами. Оптика атмосферы и океана, 9(4), 460-463.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bayer P., Attard G., Blum P., Menberg K. (2019) The geothermal potential of cities Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 106, 17-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Голованова И.В. (2005) Тепловое поле Южного Урала. М.: Наука, 189 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bayer P., Rivera J.A., Schweizer D., Schärli U., Blum P., Rybach L. (2016) Extracting past atmospheric warming and urban heating effects from borehole temperature profiles. Geothermics, 64, 289-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2016.06.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горностаева А.А., Демежко Д.Ю., Хацкевич Б.Д. (2023) Временная изменчивость городского острова тепла Екатеринбурга. Изв. Иркутского гос. ун-та. Сер.: Науки о Земле, 43, 3-18. https://doi.org/10.26516/2073-3402.2023.43.3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beck A., Garven G., Stegena L. (1990) Hydrogeological Regimes and Their Subsurface Thermal Effects. Eos, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 71(36), 1070-1071.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демежко Д.Ю. (2001) Геотермический метод реконструкции палеоклимата (на примере Урала). Екатеринбург: УрО РАН, 144 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belan B.D. (1996) To the problem of contamination “top” formation over industrial centers. Optika atmosfery i okeana, 9(4), 460-463. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демежко Д.Ю., Рывкин Д.Г., Голованова И.В. (2006) О совместном влиянии фильтрации подземных вод и палеоклимата на тепловое поле верхней части земной коры. Урал. геофиз. вестн., (1), 16-26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benz S.A., Bayer P., Menberg K., Jung S., Blum P. (2015) Spatial resolution of anthropogenic heat fluxes into urban aquifers. Sci. Total Environment, 524, 427-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демежко Д.Ю., Горностаева А.А., Хацкевич Б.Д., Вдовин А.Г., Факаева Н.Р. (2022) Новая модель формирования суточного цикла интенсивности городского острова тепла. Мониторинг, наука и технологии, 4(54), 26-31. https://doi.org/10.25714/MNT.2022.54.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chandler T.J. (1970) Selected bibliography on urban climate. Tech. Note no. 155, WMO no. 276, World Met. Organiz. Geneva, 383 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карслоу Г., Егер Д. (1964) Теплопроводность твердых тел. М.: Наука, 488 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cuesta-Valero F.J., García-García A., Beltrami H., GonzálezRouco J.F., García-Bustamante E. (2021) Long-term global ground heat flux and continental heat storage from geothermal data. Clim. Past, 17, 451-468. https://doi. org/10.5194/cp-17-451-2021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Половников В.Ю. (2018) Тепловые режимы и тепловые потери подземных трубопроводов с учетом реальных условий теплообмена на внешнем контуре взаимодействия. Изв. Томского политехн. ун-та. Инжиниринг георесурсов, 329(1), 124-131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dědeček P., Šafanda J., Rajver D. (2012) Detection and quantification of local anthropogenic and regional climatic transient signals in temperature logs from Czechia and Slovenia. Clim. Change, 113, 787-801. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10584-011-0373-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bayer P., Rivera J.A., Schweizer D., Schärli U., Blum P., Rybach L. (2016) Extracting past atmospheric warming and urban heating effects from borehole temperature profiles. Geothermics, 64, 289-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2016.06.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demezhko D.Yu. (2001) Geothermal Method for Paleoclimatic Reconstructions (by the Example of the Urals). Ekaterinburg, UrO RAN Publ., 144 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bayer P., Attard G., Blum P., Menberg K. (2019) The geothermal potential of cities Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 106, 17-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demezhko D.Y., Gornostaeva A.A. (2015) Late Pleistocene–Holocene ground surface heat flux changes reconstructed from borehole temperature data (the Urals, Russia). Clim. Past, 11, 647-652. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp11-647-2015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beck A., Garven G., Stegena L. (1990) Hydrogeological Regimes and Their Subsurface Thermal Effects. Eos, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 71(36), 1070-1071.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demezhko D.Yu., Gornostaeva A.A., Khatskevich B.D. (2022) The Evaluation of the Thermal Field under Urban Heat Island Based on Borehole Temperature Measurements (Evidence from Yekaterinburg, Russia). Int. J. Terrestrial Heat Flow and Applied Geothermics, 5(1), 45-50. https://doi.org/10.31214/ijthfa.v5i1.84</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benz S.A., Bayer P., Menberg K., Jung S., Blum P. (2015) Spatial resolution of anthropogenic heat fluxes into urban aquifers. Sci. Total Environment, 524, 427-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demezhko D.Yu., Gornostaeva A.A., Khatskevich B.D., Vdovin A.G., Fakaeva N.R. (2022) A new model for the formation of the diurnal cycle of the urban heat island intensity. Monitoring. Nauka i Tekhnologii, 4(54), 26-31. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chandler T.J. (1970) Selected bibliography on urban climate. Tech. Note no. 155, WMO no. 276, World Met. Organiz. Geneva, 383 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demezhko D.Yu., Ryvkin D.G. (2006) About joint influence of ground water flow and paleoclimate on the thermal field of the upper Earth’s crust. Ural’skii Geofizicheskii Vestnik, (1), 16-26. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cuesta-Valero F.J., García-García A., Beltrami H., González-Rouco J.F., García-Bustamante E. (2021) Long-term global ground heat flux and continental heat storage from geothermal data. Clim. Past, 17, 451-468. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-451-2021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferguson G., Woodbury A.D. (2004) Subsurface heat flow in an urban environment. J. Geophys. Res., 109, B02402. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002715</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dědeček P., Šafanda J., Rajver D. (2012) Detection and quantification of local anthropogenic and regional climatic transient signals in temperature logs from Czechia and Slovenia. Clim. Change, 113, 787-801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0373-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golovanova I.V. (2005) Thermal field of the South Urals, Moscow, Nauka Publ., 189 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Demezhko D.Yu., Gornostaeva A.A. (2015) Late Pleistocene–Holocene ground surface heat flux changes reconstructed from borehole temperature data (the Urals, Russia). Clim. Past, 11, 647-652. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp11-647-2015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gornostaeva A.A., Demezhko D.Yu., Khatskevich B.D. (2023) Temporal Variability of an Urban Heat Island in Yekaterinburg. Izv. Irkutskogo Gos. Un-ta. Ser.: Nauki o Zemle, 43, 3-18. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.26516/2073-3402.2023.43.3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Demezhko D.Yu., Gornostaeva A.A., Khatskevich B.D. (2022) The Evaluation of the Thermal Field under Urban Heat Island Based on Borehole Temperature Measurements (Evidence from Yekaterinburg, Russia). Int. J. Terrestrial Heat Flow and Appl. Geotherm., 5(1), 45-50. https://doi.org/10.31214/ijthfa.v5i1.84</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hemmerle H., Ferguson G., Blum P., Bayer P. (2022) The evolution of the geothermal potential of a subsurface urban heat island. Environmental Res. Lett., 17(8), 084018. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac7e60</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferguson G., Woodbury A.D. (2004) Subsurface heat flow in an urban environment. J. Geophys. Res., 109, B02402. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002715</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang S. (2006) 1851–2004 annual heat budget of the continental landmasses. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33(4), L04707. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025300</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hemmerle H., Ferguson G., Blum P., Bayer P. (2022) The evolution of the geothermal potential of a subsurface urban heat island. Environmental Res. Lett., 17(8), 084018. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac7e60</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim S.W., Brown R.D. (2021) Urban heat island (UHI) intensity and magnitude estimations: A systematic literature review. Sci. Total Environment, 779, 146389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146389</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang S. (2006) 1851–2004 annual heat budget of the continental landmasses. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33(4), L04707. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025300</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kukkonen I.T., Golovanova I.V., Khachay Y.V., Druzhinin V.S., Kosarev A.M., Schapov V.A. (1997) Low geothermal heat flow of the Urals fold belt–implication of low heat production, fluid circulation or palaeoclimate? Tectonophysics, 276(1-4), 63-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00048-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim S.W., Brown R.D. (2021) Urban heat island (UHI) intensity and magnitude estimations: A systematic literature review. Sci. Total Environment, 779, 146389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146389</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lapham W.W. (1989) Use of temperature profiles beneath streams to determine rates of vertical ground-water flow and vertical hydraulic conductivity. US Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 2337, 35 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kukkonen I.T., Golovanova I.V., Khachay Y.V., Druzhinin V.S., Kosarev A.M., Schapov V.A. (1997) Low geothermal heat flow of the Urals fold belt–implication of low heat production, fluid circulation or palaeoclimate? Tectonophysics, 276(1-4), 63-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00048-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lokoshchenko M.A. (2014) Urban ‘heat island’ in Moscow. Urban Climate, 10, 550-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2014.01.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lapham W.W. (1989) Use of temperature profiles beneath streams to determine rates of vertical ground-water flow and vertical hydraulic conductivity. US Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 2337, 35 p. Lokoshchenko M.A. (2014) Urban ‘heat island’ in Moscow. Urban Climate, 10, 550-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2014.01.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luo Z., Asproudi C. (2015) Subsurface urban heat island and its effects on horizontal ground-source heat pump potential under climate change. App. Therm. Eng., 90, 530-537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.07.025</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luo Z., Asproudi C. (2015) Subsurface urban heat island and its effects on horizontal ground-source heat pump potential under climate change. App. Therm. Eng., 90, 530-537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.07.025</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Majumder R.K., Shimada J., Taniguchi M. (2013) Groundwater flow systems in the Bengal Delta, Bangladesh, inferred from subsurface temperature readings. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 35(1), 99-106.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Majumder R.K., Shimada J., Taniguchi M. (2013) Groundwater flow systems in the Bengal Delta, Bangladesh, inferred from subsurface temperature readings. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 35(1), 99-106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohajerani A., Bakaric J., Jeffrey-Bailey T. (2017) The urban heat island effect, its causes, and mitigation, with reference to the thermal properties of asphalt concrete. J. Environ. Manage, 197, 522-538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.095</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohajerani A., Bakaric J., Jeffrey-Bailey T. (2017) The urban heat island effect, its causes, and mitigation, with reference to the thermal properties of asphalt concrete. J. Environ. Manage, 197, 522-538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.095</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oke T.R. (1967) City size and the urban heat island. Atm. Environ., 7(8), 769-779.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oke T.R. (1967) City size and the urban heat island. Atm. Environ., 7(8), 769-779.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oke T.R. (1979) Review of urban climatology, 1973-1976. Tech. Note no. 169, WMO no. 539, World Met. Organiz., Geneva, 100 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oke T.R. (1979) Review of urban climatology, 1973-1976. Tech. Note no. 169, WMO no. 539, World Met. Organiz., Geneva, 100 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polovnikov V.Yu. (2018) Thermal regimes and thermal losses of underground pipelines in real heat exchange on the outer interactions boundary. Izv. Tomskogo Politekhn. Un-ta. Inzhiniring Georesursov, 329(1), 124-131. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schuckmann K. von, Minière A., Gues F., Cuesta-Valero F.J., Kirchengast G., Adusumilli S., Straneo F., Ablain M., Allan R.P., Barker P.M., Beltrami H. (2023) Heat stored in the Earth system 1960–2020: Where does the energy go? Earth System Sci. Data, 15(4), 1675- 1709. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schuckmann K. von, Minière A., Gues F., Cuesta-Valero F.J., Kirchengast G., Adusumilli S., Straneo F., Ablain M., Allan R.P., Barker P.M., Beltrami H. (2023) Heat stored in the Earth system 1960–2020: Where does the energy go? Earth System Sci. Data, 15(4), 1675-1709. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schweighofer J.A., Wehrl M., Baumgärtel S., Rohn J. (2021) Detecting groundwater temperature shifts of a subsurface urban heat island in SE Germany. Water, 13(10), 1417. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13101417</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schweighofer J.A., Wehrl M., Baumgärtel S., Rohn J. (2021) Detecting groundwater temperature shifts of a subsurface urban heat island in SE Germany. Water, 13(10), 1417. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13101417.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stewart I.D., Krayenhoff E.S., Voogt J.A., Lachapelle J.A., Allen M.A., Broadbent A.M. (2021) Time evolution of the surface urban heat island. Earth’s Future, 9(10), https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EF002178</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stewart I.D., Krayenhoff E.S., Voogt J.A., Lachapelle J.A., Allen M.A., Broadbent A.M. (2021) Time evolution of the surface urban heat island. Earth’s Future, 9(10), https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EF002178</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stonestrom D.A., Constantz J. (2003) Heat as a tool for studying the movement of ground water near streams. USGS Circular, 1260. https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1260</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stonestrom D.A., Constantz J. (2003) Heat as a tool for studying the movement of ground water near streams. USGS Circular, 1260. https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1260</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takebayashi H., Moriyama M. (2009) Study on the urban heat island mitigation effect achieved by converting to grass-covered parking. Solar Energy, 83(8), 1211-1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2009.01.019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takebayashi H., Moriyama M. (2009) Study on the urban heat island mitigation effect achieved by converting to grass-covered parking. Solar Energy, 83(8), 1211-1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2009.01.019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taniguchi M. (1993) Evaluation of vertical groundwater fluxes and thermal properties of aquifers based on transient temperature‐depth profiles. Water Res. Res., 29(7), 2021-2026.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taniguchi M. (1993) Evaluation of vertical groundwater fluxes and thermal properties of aquifers based on transient temperature‐depth profiles. Water Res. Res., 29(7), 2021-2026.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tzavali A., Paravantis J.P., Mihalakakou G., Fotiadi A., Stigka E. (2015) Urban heat island intensity: A literature review. Fresenius Envir. Bull., 24(12b), 4537-4554.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tzavali A., Paravantis J.P., Mihalakakou G., Fotiadi A., Stigka E. (2015) Urban heat island intensity: A literature review. Fresenius Envir. Bull., 24(12b), 4537-4554.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Varentsov M., Fenner D., Meier F., Samsonov T., Demuzere M. (2021) Quantifying local and mesoscale drivers of the urban heat island of Moscow with reference and crowdsourced observations. Front. Environ. Sci., 9, 716968. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.716968</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Varentsov M., Fenner D., Meier F., Samsonov T., Demuzere M. (2021) Quantifying local and mesoscale drivers of the urban heat island of Moscow with reference and crowdsourced observations. Front. Environ. Sci., 9, 716968. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.716968</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang C., Wang Z.H., Kaloush K.E., Shacat J. (2021) Cool pavements for urban heat island mitigation: A synthetic review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 146, 111171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111171</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang C., Wang Z.H., Kaloush K.E., Shacat J. (2021) Cool pavements for urban heat island mitigation: A synthetic review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 146, 111171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111171</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Westaway R., Scotney P.M., Younger P.L., Boyce A.J. (2015) Subsurface absorption of anthropogenic warming of the land surface: The case of the world’s largest brickworks (Stewartby, Bedfordshire, UK). Sci. Total Envir., 508, 585-603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.109</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Westaway R., Scotney P.M., Younger P.L., Boyce A.J. (2015) Subsurface absorption of anthropogenic warming of the land surface: The case of the world’s largest brickworks (Stewartby, Bedfordshire, UK). Sci. Total Envir., 508, 585-603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.109</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoshino M.M. (1975) Climate in a small area: an introduction to local meteorology. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 549 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoshino M.M. (1975) Climate in a small area: an introduction to local meteorology. Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press, 549 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu K., Blum P., Ferguson G., Balke K.-D., Bayer P. (2010) The geothermal potential of urban heat islands. Environ. Res. Lett., 5, 044002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/4/044002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu K., Blum P., Ferguson G., Balke K.-D., Bayer P. (2010) The geothermal potential of urban heat islands. Environ. Res. Lett., 5, 044002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748- 9326/5/4/044002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
