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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">litosphere</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Литосфера</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>LITHOSPHERE (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1681-9004</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-302X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>A.N. Zavaritsky Institute of Geology and Geochemistry</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24930/1681-9004-2023-23-4-476-490</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">litosphere-1917</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Мантийная конвекция и алмазы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Mantle convection and diamonds</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пучков</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Puchkov</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>620110, Екатеринбург, ул. Академика Вонсовского, 15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Viktor N. Puchkov.</p><p>15 Academician Vonsovsky st., Ekaterinburg 620110</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">puchkv2@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зедгенизов</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zedgenizov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>620110, Екатеринбург, ул. Академика Вонсовского, 15; 620144, Екатеринбург, ул. Куйбышева, 30</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry A. Zedgenizov.</p><p>15 Academician Vonsovsky st., Ekaterinburg 620110; 30 Kuibyshev st., Ekaterinburg 620144</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт геологии и геохимии им. академика А.Н. Заварицкого УрО РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A.N. Zavaritsky institute of Geology and Geochemistry, UB RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт геологии и геохимии им. академика А.Н. Заварицкого УрО РАН; Уральский государственный горный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A.N. Zavaritsky institute of Geology and Geochemistry, UB RAS; Ural State Mining University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>476</fpage><lpage>490</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Пучков В.Н., Зедгенизов Д.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пучков В.Н., Зедгенизов Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Puchkov V.N., Zedgenizov D.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.lithosphere.ru/jour/article/view/1917">https://www.lithosphere.ru/jour/article/view/1917</self-uri><abstract><p>Объект исследования. В настоящее время в геодинамической теории возобладало представление о том, что в мантии Земли преобладает термохимическая конвекция различных уровней, в которой центробежные ветви представлены плюмами, а центростремительные - зонами субдукции. Цели и задачи исследования. Изучение алмазов позволяет понять, когда, на каком уровне в мантии, в каких Р-Т условиях, в какой геохимической обстановке родились конкретные алмазы, которые были затем вынесены центробежным конвекционным потоком к поверхности Земли, и тем самым охарактеризовать этот поток. Материалы и методы. Обобщение многочисленных опубликованных материалов, характеризующих минеральные включения в алмазах, позволяют существенно конкретизировать общую картину конвекции в мантии Земли в разные эпохи и в разных регионах. Результаты. Результаты изучения включений в алмазах в сопоставлении с экспериментальными данными о Р-Т условиях образования минеральных парагенезисов этих включений и с геофизическими данными о свойствах мантии свидетельствуют о том, что глубина образования алмазов варьирует от низов литосферы в верхах верхней мантии до основания нижней мантии. При этом доля алмазов, содержащих минеральные включения, характерные для нижней мантии, составляет лишь первые проценты от общего количества алмазов. Выводы. Вынос разноглубинных алмазов на поверхность - неоспоримое свидетельство конвекции (в виде плюмовой активности) в мантии. Таким образом, пополняется все новыми фактами независимый источник сведений, подтверждающий реальность существования плюмов, охватывающих всю мантию, что немаловажно на фоне постоянно возобновляющейся дискуссии о плюмах и их классификации по глубинности зарождения. Вместе с тем изучение минеральных включений в алмазах, особенно когда это касается сверхглубинных алмазов, сталкивается с трудностями, связанными с тем, что они на пути к поверхности испытывают ретроградные изменения, резорбцию, иногда и полное растворение. Эти обстоятельства снижают вероятность встречаемости сверхглубинных алмазов и требуют особого учета при вынесении окончательных суждений о реальности существования глубинных плюмов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Research subject. The present evolutionary stage of geodynamic theory is associated with the idea of thermochemical convection of various levels in the Earth's mantle, where the centrifugal branches are represented by plumes, and the centripetal - by subduction zones. Aim. The study of diamonds contributes to an understanding of when, at what level in mantle, under what P-T conditions and geochemical environment particular diamonds originated, which were then transported by centrifugal convection flows to the Earth's surface, thereby permitting characterization of this flow. Materials and methods. Generalization of published materials and characterization of mineral inclusions in diamonds allow the general structure of mantle convection to be clarified in different epochs and different regions. Results. The data obtained on mineral inclusions in diamonds, along with the experimental data on the P-T conditions of their mineral parageneses and geophysical data on mantle properties, indicate that the depth of diamond formation varies from the lower lithosphere in the upper part of the upper mantle (≈150-250 km) to the bottom of the lower mantle. At the same time, the diamonds containing mineral inclusions, characteristic of the lower mantle, account for only the first percents of the general number of diamonds. Conclusions. The transport of diamonds from different depths of their origin is a reliable indication of convection processes (as a plume activity) in the mantle. This information provides evidence to the real existence of plumes, which is important in the context of ongoing discussions on the depth of their origin. However, the study of mineral inclusions in diamonds, particularly in superdeep diamonds, is a challenging task due to the retrograde changes, resorption and sometimes complete dissolution on their way to the surface. These circumstances minimize the probability of occurrence of superdeep diamonds and require consideration when making judgements about the reality of existence of superdeep diamonds.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мантия</kwd><kwd>конвекция</kwd><kwd>плюмы</kwd><kwd>субдукция</kwd><kwd>алмазы</kwd><kwd>карбонатиты</kwd><kwd>кимберлиты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mantle</kwd><kwd>convection</kwd><kwd>plumes</kwd><kwd>subduction</kwd><kwd>diamonds</kwd><kwd>csrbonatites</kwd><kwd>kimberlites</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена по проекту РНФ № 22-17-00027, https://rscf.ru/project/22-17-00027</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was supported by Russian Scientific Foundation, Project No. 22-17-00027, https://rscf.ru/project/22-17-00027</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Батанова В.Г., Савельева Г.Н. 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